APPENDIX 3 Alternative names for New Zealand birds

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Recommended citations for information from this Appendix and the Supplementary Materials database

Miskelly, C.M. 2024. Alternative English, Māori, and Moriori names for New Zealand birds. Appendix 3 in Checklist Committee, Checklist of the birds of New Zealand (Sixth edition). Wellington, Birds New Zealand (published online as an HTML webpage – https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/society-publications/checklist/appendix-3-alternative-names-for-new-zealand-birds/).
Miskelly, C.M. 2024. Database of alternative names for New Zealand birds. Supplementary Materials 2 in Checklist Committee, Checklist of the birds of New Zealand. (Sixth edition), published online – https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/supp-2-bird-names-database.xlsx).

Alternative English, Māori, and Moriori names for New Zealand birds

Selecting preferred Māori and English names for New Zealand birds is a difficult and often controversial task, as multiple names are used for many species. Māori often named different ages, sexes, and growth stages of birds, based on the species’ use and whakapapa (genealogy). For example, the name “tītī” has gained wide acceptance in recent decades as the Māori name for the sooty shearwater Ardenna grisea. However, it is not the name that many Rakiura Māori would give an individual adult A. grisea seen in flight. “Tītī” is mainly used for chicks of A. grisea at an age when they are ready for harvest. There is no agreement among muttonbirders on the name for adult A. grisea, with at least four different names in local use. Under-weight, unharvestable chicks have yet another name.

Furthermore, Māori apparently did not recognise as different, and separately name, certain similar-looking or closely-related species of birds. Different iwi (tribes) also have different dialects, and thus the spelling of essentially the same name may differ between different regions in the country (Table 2). In the late 19^th Century, Māori bird names were taken from the works of prominent Pākehā (Europeans) who lived and worked with particular iwi. This is how the names used by certain iwi became more prevalent in recent usage than other tribal names for the same bird.

Table 2. New Zealand birds with more than 20 Māori names and/or with 30 or more variants of these names (i.e. the same sequence of letters, but with varying use of macrons, hyphens and/or spaces between words). The number of names is derived from this Appendix, with information on the source of all names and variants provided in the Supplementary Materials database.

English name	Scientific name(s)	Māori names	Total variants
Kaka	Nestor meridionalis	44	71
Bellbird	Anthornis melanura	44	70
New Zealand robins	Petroica australis + P. longipes	44	70
New Zealand fantail	Rhipidura fuliginosa	37	64
Whitehead	Mohoua albicilla	31	51
Banded rail	Gallirallus philippensis	28	50
Rifleman	Acanthisitta chloris	31	46
Stitchbird	Notiomystis cincta	25	41
Tomtit	Petroica macrocephala	24	41
Parakeets	Cyanoramphus novaeseelandiae + C. auriceps	24	41
New Zealand dotterel	Charadrius obscurus	30	38
Tui	Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae	25	38
Grey warbler	Gerygone igata	25	34
New Zealand scaup	Aythya novaeseelandiae	20	31

We here provide a preliminary list of alternative English, Māori, and Moriori names for New Zealand birds, to supplement the names presented in the main Checklist, and to allow users to link to species of interest, that may be searched for using an alternative name. The list was based on a database of 915 Māori and Moriori bird names compiled by Paul Scofield and Geoff Chambers, with input from the Māori Language Commission, during preparation of the 2010 Checklist. This was expanded to a database of 2,822 English and 2,515 Māori and Moriori names for New Zealand birds compiled by Colin Miskelly during preparation of the 2022 Checklist. Additional names were sourced primarily from Māori language dictionaries, and general publications on New Zealand birds. Eight Māori or Moriori names for New Zealand birds were sourced from recent single-species scientific publications, and 44 were created for the Te Taiao natural history exhibition in Te Papa (which opened in May 2019). The database was further expanded to 2,848 English and 2,520 Māori and Moriori bird names during preparation of the 2024 (sixth edition) Checklist.

Birds are listed alphabetically by their scientific name, with superscripts used to provide an example of where the name was published. Multiple superscripts for a single name denote where the name has more than one variation (i.e. the same sequence of letters, but differing in the use of spaces, hyphens, macrons, apostrophes, or other diacritical marks) or where an earlier use of the name was imprecise about which species the name applied to. The recommended spellings of Māori bird names were mainly derived from Appendix 3 in the 2010 Checklist, and from the Māori Dictionary website (https://maoridictionary.co.nz – viewed Aug. 2021). All variations and early imprecise use of names, and also the page reference for each name, are provided in the Supplementary Materials database (https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/supp-2-bird-names-database.xlsx).

The Checklist Committee intends to expand this list during subsequent revisions of the Checklist. We invite submissions of additional names that have been used in publications (including websites, signage, and brochures) – please email examples of these to checklist@birdsnz.org.nz (please include a pdf, hyperlink, scan, or photograph showing the name in print).

Authors and editors of Birds New Zealand publications may use alternative bird names from this list, provided an explanation is given for why the name is used in preference to that in the main Checklist. Languages, and usage of bird names, evolve over time. If and when an alternative name is demonstrably the most frequently used name for a bird over the previous decade (at least) in Notornis (the scientific journal of Birds New Zealand / Ornithological Society of New Zealand), it will be moved to the main Checklist.

Standardised spellings have been used for the following English bird names: albatross includes albatros, dotterel includes dottrel and dotterell, mollymawk includes mollyhawk, mollymauk and molly-mawk, and parakeet includes parrakeet, paroquet and parroquet. Abbreviations: ch = chick, f = female, juv = juvenile, m = male, var = variety or colour variant.

The database is restricted to English, Māori and Moriori names that have been applied to New Zealand birds in New Zealand, plus English names that have been applied elsewhere to species that breed only in New Zealand. Some names were applied incorrectly, or names may have been switched between taxa over time. The main Checklist provides current names used for New Zealand birds.

Acanthis flammea common redpoll¹¹¹, lesser redpoll⁵⁴, redpole¹⁷, redpoll⁴⁹

Acanthisitta chloris rifleman^20, tītitipounamu^20,41,84, bush wren³⁴, Chuck Connors¹⁰³, citrine warbler³⁷, creeper¹⁷, goldfinch¹¹, hōutuutu^56,77, kikimatu⁸⁸, kikimutu⁸, kikipounamu³⁸, kikirimutu²⁰, kikitara³⁸, kōhurehure^38,84, kōrurerure (f)^38,84, kotikotipa⁵⁶, kotikotipae³⁸, kōtipatipa^56,84, kōtitititi^56,84, mako¹¹, miru miru^12,14, momotawai^38,116, momoutu³⁸, mountain wren¹¹, mōutuutu^20,56,84, muhumuhu⁵⁶, pihipihi^7,9,11, pipiriki⁵⁶, piripiri⁸, piwauwau⁶, piwauwaw¹², rifleman wren⁵⁶, spotted wren¹¹, tāpahipare (m)^38,84, thumbie⁸¹, titi-ponamu¹⁷, titipounamu^15,54,96, titiripounamu⁹⁵, toirua³⁸, tokepiripiri^20,84,96; A. c. granti North Island rifleman⁴⁵; A. c. chloris South Island rifleman⁴⁵, alpine rifleman³⁶

Acridotheres tristis common myna^91, maina¹³⁸, house myna⁴⁹, Indian minah⁴⁹, Indian myna⁴⁹, minah⁴⁸, myna⁶¹, mynah⁸⁹

Acrocephalus australis Australian reed warbler¹¹¹

Actitis hypoleucos common sandpiper⁸²

Aegotheles novaezealandiae New Zealand owlet-nightjar^91, ruru hinapō¹²⁶, little owl¹¹, ruruwekau¹¹

Aegotheles zealandivetus St Bathans owlet-nightjar¹⁵⁰

Alauda arvensis Eurasian skylark^114, kairaka⁹⁵, common skylark¹³⁹, pakeha pioioi⁹⁵, pakeha piopio⁹⁵, skylark¹⁷

Aldiomedes angustirostris Alastair’s albatross¹⁴¹

Alectoris chukar chukor⁷⁵, chukar⁸⁹, chukar partridge⁸⁹, chukor partridge¹³⁹, Indian chukar⁸⁹, Persian chukar⁸⁹

Anarhynchus atrifrons Tibetan sand plover¹⁵⁰, Tibetan plover¹³⁹

Anarhynchus bicinctus banded dotterel^20, pohowera¹⁷, dotterel¹⁷, double-banded dotterel⁴⁵, double-banded plover⁸⁹, mountain plover⁸⁷, piopio^7,8,102, redwinged plover¹¹, turituri whatu⁹⁶, turiwhati⁸⁴, turiwhatu⁸⁴, turuatu^7,9,138, turuturuwhatu¹³⁸, turuwhatu¹³⁸, tuturiwatu¹¹, tuturiwhata²⁰, tūturiwhati^25,138, tūturiwhatu^15,96, tuturuatu¹³⁸, tuturuwhatu¹³⁸; A. b. exilis Auckland Island banded dotterel⁷⁶, Auckland Island banded plover¹⁰⁶

Anarhynchus frontalis wrybill^34,52, ngutu pare^25,56,84, blackringed plover¹¹, crockbill⁹⁴, crook-bill^88,139, crook-bill plover¹⁷, crook-billed plover^18,94, dotterel¹¹, ngutu-parore^56,82,91, parore⁹⁶, pohoera¹¹, scissor-bill^15,88, tuturiwatu¹¹, wrybill plover⁵⁴, wrybilled plover^20,61

Anarhynchus leschenaultii greater sand plover^87,139, Geoffroy’s sand plover⁸¹, greater sand dotterel¹¹⁶, large sand dotterel⁷⁵, large sand plover⁹⁴, large-billed dotterel⁸⁷, long-billed sand plover⁸⁹

Anarhynchus mongolus lesser sand plover^81,87, lesser sand dotterel¹¹⁶, Mongolian dotterel⁸¹, Mongolian plover⁸⁹, Mongolian sand dotterel¹¹⁶, Mongolian sand plover^116,139, short-billed sand plover⁸⁹

Anarhynchus obscurus New Zealand dotterel^20, tūturiwhatu^25,84, dotterel¹⁵, dusky plover³, ha-poho-era¹², kūkuruatu⁸⁴, moakura¹², paturiwhata⁸⁹, pohoera¹¹, pukunui⁸, putoto⁸, pututo¹², rako⁵⁶, red-breasted dotterel⁷⁵, red-breasted plover¹⁷, spotted plover¹¹, tākahikahi^8,84, tākaikaha^38,84, tākaikai^38,84, tituriwhatu-pukunui⁸⁸, totoripa⁹⁵, turiwhati³⁸, turiwhatu³⁸, turuatu^8,9,38, turuturuwhatu³⁸, turuwhatu³⁸, tuturiwata¹⁴, tuturiwata pukunui¹², tuturiwatu⁶, tuturiwhata²⁰, tūturiwhati^25,84, tūturiwhatu^25,84, tuturiwhatu-pukunui³⁸, tuturuatu³⁸, tuturuwhati⁸⁴, tuturuwhatu^38,84, tūwhaipapa⁹⁶; A. o. aquilonius northern New Zealand dotterel¹¹⁴; A. o. obscurus southern New Zealand dotterel¹¹⁴

Anarhynchus ruficapillus red-capped plover⁸⁹, red-capped dotterel²⁵, red-capped sandplover¹³⁹, red-necked dotterel¹³⁹, red-necked plover¹³⁹, sandlark¹³⁹

Anarhynchus veredus oriental dotterel⁴⁵, eastern long-legged sand plover⁸⁹, eastern sand plover⁸⁹, oriental plover⁵⁰

Anas acuta northern pintail¹¹⁴

Anas aucklandica Auckland Island teal^75, metawetanga¹⁵, Auckland Island duck^25,37, Auckland Islands duck^45,50,53, Auckland Island flightless duck⁷⁶, Auckland Islands teal¹¹⁸, Auckland teal⁹², flightless duck³⁴, flightless teal¹³⁹, red teal¹⁵, tētē kākāriki¹²⁶

Anas castanea chestnut teal⁹⁷, Australian teal³⁶, black teal⁸⁸, chestnut-breasted teal⁸⁸, mountain teal⁸⁸, red teal⁸⁸

Anas chathamica Chatham Island duck⁷⁶

Anas chlorotis brown teal^75, pāteke^15,84, brown duck²⁰, hoho⁹⁵, patake²⁵, pateka¹², red teal¹⁷, South Island brown teal¹²³, tarawhatu^20,56, tata⁹⁵, teal¹⁵, teal duck⁸⁹, tei⁸, tētē^25,84, tētē-whero^{20,38,61,84,138}, tokitoki⁵⁶

Anas gracilis grey teal^34, tētē-moroiti^25,84,96,102, Australian teal⁴⁵, green-headed teal⁵⁰, little teal¹⁷, pohoriki²⁵, tētē^20,84,138, tētē-wai^56,84,138, wood-teal²⁵

Anas nesiotis Campbell Island teal⁷⁵, Campbell Island duck⁶⁰, Campbell Island flightless duck⁷⁶, Campbell Island flightless teal⁷⁹, Campbell Islands teal¹¹⁸, Campbell teal⁹²

Anas platyrhynchos mallard^17, rakiraki¹¹⁶, feral duck¹¹⁶, matakīrea ōrangiuri¹²⁶, pārera⁹⁶

Anas superciliosa grey duck^15, pārera^6,9, black duck⁵⁵, gray duck¹¹, he parrera¹², karakahia⁸⁴, manua⁵⁶, māunu^25,84, Pacific black duck⁹², pārera maunu (moulting)¹³⁸, perēre²⁹, supercilious duck⁸⁸, tahora¹¹, tāwaka⁸⁴, topatopa (ch)³⁸, turuki¹⁰

Anhinga melanogaster darter⁵⁴, needle-beaked shag⁸⁹, snakebird^89,139; A. m. novaehollandiae Australian darter²⁵, South Australian darter⁴⁵

Anomalopteryx didiformis little bush moa^93, moariki¹²⁶

Anous minutus black noddy³⁶, lesser noddy⁷⁵, titerack⁸⁹, white-capped noddy³⁴, white-capped tern⁵⁹

Anous stolidus brown noddy⁸¹, common noddy³⁶, gogo⁸⁹, greater noddy⁸⁹, noddy¹⁷, noddy tern⁸¹

Anser anser greylag goose^97, kuihi⁹, common goose⁴⁹, domestic goose⁹⁷, feral goose⁹⁷, grey-lay goose⁴⁹, kuuhi⁹⁵, wild goose¹³⁹

Anthochaera carunculata red wattlebird^54,55,81,91, Australian honey-eater²⁵, wattled honeyeater⁸⁹, yellow wattle bird^45,50

Anthornis melanocephala Chatham Island bellbird^20,50, kōmako^31,112, bell-bird⁵¹, Chatham Islands bellbird^45,118, mako-mako¹²

Anthornis melanura bellbird^11,14,50, korimako⁸, Auckland Islands’ bell bird⁴⁵, he-ghobarra¹², kēkerematua (m)^38,84, kerekere matutū (m)^38,96, kerekerematātu (m)^56,84, kohimako^9,20, kōhoimako^6,38,84, kōhorimako^6,84, kōkōmako^7,8,84, kōkorihimako (m)^40,84, kōkorimako^10,84, kokorimoko⁸, kōkorohimako (m)^20,84, kōkoromako^15,84, kōmako^20,84, kōmakohua¹⁰², kōmakohuariki (m)^38,102, komakomako⁵⁶, kōmamako^38,84, kōpaopao^8,96, kōpara^10,84, kōparapara^38,84, korihako⁵⁶, korihimako⁴⁰, korimaku⁶, korimoko⁸, koromako¹⁵, kotaiahu³⁸, kukari (ch)³⁸, mako²⁰, makomako^6,8, mocker¹⁷, mockie⁸¹, mockiemock¹⁰³, mocking-creeper^1,88, moko-moko¹⁷, New Zealand bellbird^55,104, North Island bell bird⁴⁵, para (f)⁵⁶, rearea²⁰, South Island bell bird⁴⁵, tītapu (f)^20,84, titiapu⁵⁶, tītīmako^7,8,9,84, titimoko⁹⁶, titoaireka⁵⁶, tītōmako^15,84,96, tōtōaireka (f)^38,84, totoara⁸, tukumako⁵⁶, tūtūmako^38,84; A. m. obscura Three Kings bellbird⁷⁵; A. m. oneho Poor Knights bellbird⁹¹

Anthus novaeseelandiae New Zealand pipit^20, pīhoihoi^6,9,84, Australasian pipit¹¹¹, Australian pipit⁹¹, common lark³⁵, groundlark^17,20,89, ground-pipit⁸⁸, hīoi^7,8,9, kātaitai^6,84, kitaitai¹³⁷, kogoo-aroure¹², lark¹¹, manu kahaki^84,96,102, manukāwhaki¹⁰², native lark²³, New Zealand lark¹², North Island pipit⁴⁵, okiuai⁸, pīoioi^7,9,11,38,84, pīpipi-tai^56,84,102, pipit⁵³, Richard’s pipit⁹¹, sandlark⁸¹, South Island pipit⁴⁵, whāioio^9,38,84, whioi^11,102, whioioi⁹⁵, wioi kataitai¹⁰; A. n. chathamensis Chatham Island pipit⁶⁴, Chatham Islands’ pipit⁴⁵; A. n. aucklandicus Auckland Island pipit³⁶, Auckland Islands pipit^45,82, southern islands pipit⁷⁶, subantarctic pipit¹⁰⁴; A. n. steindachneri Antipodes Island pipit⁴², Antipodes lark³⁴, Antipodes pipit⁸², Steindachner’s pipit³⁷

Aptenodytes forsteri emperor penguin⁸²

Aptenodytes patagonicus king penguin^25, tokoraki⁹⁵

Aptenodytes ridgeni Ridgen’s penguin⁹³

Apteryx spp. kiwi⁶, eastern kiwi¹⁰⁴, kiwi-ma⁹⁵, ngutu-roa⁵⁶, rire (juv)⁵⁶, rirerire (juv)⁸

Apteryx australis southern brown kiwi^104, tokoeka^10,15,82, big kiwi⁸⁸, brown kiwi³⁴, common kiwi⁹², great kiwi¹⁵, kivi¹², kiwi⁶, kiwikiwi¹², kiwi roa⁹⁶, roa²⁴, rowi²¹, southern kiwi³⁴, tokoweka³⁸, totoweka⁹⁵; A. australis subsp. South Island brown kiwi^82, Fiordland tokoeka¹³⁹, Haast tokoeka¹²³, north Fiordland tokoeka¹¹⁶, northern Fiordland tokoeka¹²³, South Island kiwi²⁰, southern Fiordland tokoeka¹²³, West Coast kiwi⁸⁸; A. a. australis Stewart Island brown kiwi^86, Rakiura tokoeka¹²³, Stewart Island kiwi³⁶, Stewart Island tokoeka¹¹⁶

Apteryx haastii Potts’ kiwi¹⁴¹

Apteryx littoralis Marton kiwi¹⁴¹

Apteryx mantelli North Island brown kiwi^86, kiwi-nui^12,84, brown kiwi¹⁷, Buller’s kiwi³⁶, common brown kiwi¹⁵,common kiwi⁹², kiwikiwi⁶, kiwi-korako (white bird)⁵⁶, kiwi-kura^56,84, kiwi parure^20,84, Mantell’s kiwi³⁶, North Island kiwi²⁰, northern brown kiwi¹⁰⁴

Apteryx maxima great spotted kiwi^34, roroa⁹⁹, fireman¹², great grey kiwi⁴⁵, great kiwi¹⁷, grey kiwi⁵⁵, Haast’s kiwi²¹, kiwi-karuai²⁰, kiwi-karuwai^38,84, kiwi parure¹², kiwi roa¹⁰², kiwi roaroa¹⁰², large grey kiwi²⁰, roa²⁰, roaroa^12,15,17, South Island kiwi⁵⁶

Apteryx owenii little spotted kiwi^75, kiwi pukupuku^20,84, blue-hen²¹, grey kiwi¹⁵, kivi-iti¹², kiwi²¹, kiwi-hoihoi^{11, 56}, little apteryx¹¹, little grey kiwi²⁰, little kiwi⁶¹, Owen’s kiwi³⁶, spotted kiwi³⁴, straight-billed kiwi²¹, West Coast kiwi³⁶

Apteryx rowi rowi^99, Okarito brown kiwi¹¹⁴, Ōkārito kiwi¹⁴³

Aptornis defossor South Island adzebill^104, ngutu hahau¹²⁶, adzebill⁹³, greater aptornis⁵⁴, South Island aptornis⁹¹

Aptornis otidiformis North Island adzebill¹⁰⁴, adzebill⁹³, lesser aptornis⁵⁴, North Island aptornis⁹¹

strong>?Aptornis proasciarostratus St Bathans adzebill¹⁴¹

Apus pacificus fork-tailed swift⁷⁵, Australian swift²⁵, large white-rumped swift¹³⁹, Pacific swift¹³⁹, white-rumped swift⁴⁵

Aquila moorei Haast’s eagle¹⁰⁴, extinct New Zealand eagle⁹¹, giant eagle¹³⁹, greater extinct eagle⁵⁴, harpagornis¹³⁹, hokioi⁵⁶, lesser extinct eagle⁵⁴, New Zealand eagle⁹³, pouakai^84,90

Archaeospheniscus lopdellorum Lopdells’ penguin^93,141

Archaeospheniscus lowei Lowe’s penguin⁹³

Ardea alba kōtuku^7,8,9,84, white heron¹¹, eastern great white egret⁷⁶, eastern great white heron³⁶, great egret⁹¹, great white egret⁸⁸, great white heron⁵⁰, katuka¹², kotukutuku³⁶, koutuku¹¹, large egret⁸⁹, New Zealand great white heron⁴⁵, white crane¹³, white egret⁵⁴

Ardea cinerea grey heron⁵⁰, common heron³⁶, gray heron¹³⁹; A. c. jouyi oriental grey heron¹¹⁴, Asiatic grey heron⁷⁵, Australian grey heron⁴⁵

Ardea intermedia plumed egret⁸⁷, intermediate egret⁸⁶, lesser egret¹³⁹, short-billed egret¹³⁹, yellow-billed egret¹³⁹

Ardea pacifica Pacific heron⁸¹, white-necked heron⁷⁵

Ardenna spp. hakoakoa⁸, hakuakua³⁸, titi-wahine⁹⁵

Ardenna bulleri Buller’s shearwater^25,54, rako¹³⁵, ashy-back shearwater⁵⁸, ashy-backed petrel⁵⁵, ashy-backed shearwater⁵⁰, ashy-backed wedge-tailed petrel⁴⁵, Buller’s petrel²⁵, gray-backed shearwater⁶², grey-backed shearwater⁸⁹, long-tailed shearwater³⁴, New Zealand shearwater⁵⁸

Ardenna carneipes flesh-footed shearwater^25, toanui⁸⁹, fleshy-footed petrel⁵⁵, fleshy-footed shearwater⁵⁰, hakoakoa²⁵, New Zealand flesh-footed petrel⁴⁵, pale-footed shearwater⁸⁹, pink-footed shearwater³⁴, taonui⁵⁶, tuanui¹¹⁶

Ardenna creatopus pink-footed shearwater⁹¹

Ardenna davealleni Pom’s shearwater¹⁴¹

Ardenna gravis great shearwater⁸²

Ardenna grisea sooty shearwater^37, tītī^9,25,84, akoko¹⁰¹, grey petrel⁵², hakeke³⁸, hākēkeke¹⁰², hakoakoa^9,25, hakoke³⁸, hakoko³⁸, hakuakua³⁸, koakoa³⁸, mutton-bird^17,25, New Zealand muttonbird^34,75, ngungu (small bird)³⁸, ōi (ch)^38,84, oii¹⁷, sombre petrel⁴⁵, sombre shearwater²⁵, takakau³⁸, totorore²⁵

Ardenna pacifica wedge-tailed shearwater^25,91, black burrower⁸⁹, dark wedge-tailed shearwater⁵⁸, Kermadec wedge-tailed petrel⁴⁵, mourningbird¹³⁹, wedge-shaped shearwater⁵⁰, wedge-tailed muttonbird¹³⁹, wedge-tailed petrel⁵⁵

Ardenna tenuirostris short-tailed shearwater⁵⁰, Bonaparte’s shearwater³⁶, Brandt’s shearwater²⁰, hakoakoa²⁵, hakoko¹⁰², hakuakua²⁵, ngungu¹³⁸, ōi⁸⁴, short-tailed petrel⁴⁵, slender-billed shearwater⁸⁹, Tasmanian muttonbird^34,75, titi²⁰

Arenaria interpres ruddy turnstone⁸⁸, eastern turnstone⁴⁵, turnstone¹⁷

Artamus cyanopterus dusky woodswallow¹³⁷

Artamus personatus masked woodswallow^86,91, blue jay⁸⁹, blue martin⁸⁹, bush martin⁸⁹, skimmer⁸⁹

Artamus superciliosus white-browed woodswallow^86,91, blue martin⁸⁹, summer-bird⁸⁹

Athene noctua little owl^54, ruru nohinohi¹²⁶, brown owl⁸⁹, German owl⁸¹, little brown owl⁶¹, small brown owl⁴⁹

Australornis lovei Love’s Paleocene seabird¹⁴¹

Aythya australis Australian white-eyed duck^45, karakahia¹⁵, barwing⁸⁸, copperhead⁸⁸, hardhead⁸², punkari⁸⁸, white-eyed duck²⁰, white-wing⁸⁸, white-winged duck^15,17

Aythya novaeseelandiae New Zealand scaup^20, pāpango^11,84, black duck¹¹, black teal¹⁷, black widgeon²³, he patek¹², kaiharopia³⁸, kukupako⁹⁵, matamatapōuri^38,96, matapo⁹⁶, matapōuri^7,8,9,84, New Zealand duck¹², New Zealand scarp⁵³, New Zealand widgeon⁵⁶, papanga¹⁵, pārera matapouri^38,56,84, pōkeke⁸⁴, pūakiaki^38,84, pupango³⁴, raipo²⁰, repo¹², scaup⁵⁰, scaup duck⁵⁶, tētē⁸⁴, tētēpango^20,56,84, tētēwai pango⁹⁶, tētēwhero⁹⁶, tītīpōrangi^20,84, tītitipō^40,102, widgeon¹⁵

Bartramia longicauda upland sandpiper⁸⁶, Bartram’s sandpiper⁸⁷, prairie whistler⁸⁷, quailie⁸⁷, upland plover⁸²

Biziura delautouri New Zealand musk duck¹⁰⁴, de Lautour’s duck⁹³

Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian bittern^86, matuku-hūrepo^{7,8,9,11,20,84}, Australian bittern⁷⁵, Australian brown bittern⁸⁹, bittern¹¹, black-backed bittern²⁰, boomer¹³⁹, brown bittern⁵⁴, common bittern⁶¹, hūrepo^38,84, hūroto^38,84, kāka^38,84, kautuku³⁸, matuku^6,9, matuku-kāka^38,84, matuku-kurepo⁵⁴, matuku-nurepo¹⁴, matuku-urepo⁶, New Zealand bittern²⁵, New Zealand black-backed bittern⁴⁵

Branta canadensis Canada goose^54, kuihi¹¹⁶, Canadian goose⁴⁹, honker⁸⁹; B. c. maxima giant Canada goose⁸⁹

Bubulcus ibis cattle egret⁸¹, buff-backed heron⁸¹; B. i. coromanda eastern cattle egret¹¹⁴

Bulweria bulwerii Bulwer’s petrel¹¹⁴

Cabalus modestus Chatham Island rail^54, mātirakahu^38,112, Chatham Island little rail⁵⁵, Chatham Islands little rail⁵³, Hutton’s rail²⁵, little Chatham Island rail⁵⁰, little Chatham Islands’ rail⁴⁵, Mangare rail³⁴, Mangere rail⁵¹

Cacatua galerita sulphur-crested cockatoo⁴⁹, white cockatoo⁵⁴

Cacomantis flabelliformis fan-tailed cuckoo⁸², ash-coloured cuckoo⁸⁹

Calidris acuminata sharp-tailed sandpiper^45, kohutapu³⁶, marsh sandpiper²¹, pectoral sandpiper³⁷, sandpiper²⁵, sharp-tailed stint⁵⁰, Siberian pectoral sandpiper⁷⁵

Calidris alba sanderling⁵⁰, beach-bird¹³⁹, whitey¹³⁹

Calidris alpina dunlin⁸⁶, black-bellied sandpiper⁸⁹, blackcrop¹³⁹, red-backed sandpiper⁸⁹

Calidris bairdii Baird’s sandpiper⁸⁶

Calidris canutus red knot^89, huahou^25,96, common knot¹¹⁶, eastern knot⁷⁶, knot¹⁷, lesser knot^87,114,141

Calidris falcinellus broad-billed sandpiper⁸¹; C. f. sibirica eastern broad-billed sandpiper⁸⁶

Calidris ferruginea curlew sandpiper^36,37, curlew stint⁸⁹

Calidris fuscicollis white-rumped sandpiper⁸⁶, Bonaparte’s sandpiper⁸⁹

Calidris himantopus stilt sandpiper¹¹⁴

Calidris mauri western sandpiper⁸²

Calidris melanotos pectoral sandpiper⁵⁰, American pectoral sandpiper⁷⁵

Calidris minuta little stint⁵⁰

Calidris minutilla least sandpiper⁷⁵, American stint⁸⁷, mud peep⁸⁷

Calidris paramelanotos Cox’s sandpiper¹⁴¹

Calidris pugnax ruff⁸², reeve (f)⁸⁷

Calidris pusilla semipalmated sandpiper^82,87, sand peep⁸⁷

Calidris ruficollis red-necked stint⁵⁰, eastern little stint⁷⁵, red-necked sandpiper³⁴, red-throated stint³⁷, rufous-necked sandpiper⁸⁹, rufous-necked stint¹³⁹

Calidris subminuta long-toed stint⁸², Middendorf’s stint¹³⁹

Calidris subruficollis buff-breasted sandpiper¹¹⁸, grasspiper¹³⁹

Calidris tenuirostris great knot⁸², Asiatic knot⁸⁹, eastern knot⁸⁹, greater knot⁸⁹, greater sandpiper⁸⁹

Callaeas spp. kōkako^{6,10,12,84,102}, cinereous wattlebird^12,111, crow¹¹, gillbird^81,111, hōkako^56,84, hōngā^38,84, hōngē^38,84, kakako⁶, manu-whakaounga³⁸, New Zealand crow³⁴, ōngā^56,84, ōngē^8,9,84, organ-bird⁸¹, pakara^38,84, wattlebird^88,111, wattled crow⁵³, werewere¹¹¹, werewere-kokako⁵⁶

Callaeas cinerea South Island kokako^75,112, kōkā^95,114, blue crow³⁵, great wattled bird⁸⁸, orange wattle crow⁴⁶, orange-wattled crow^17,89, orange-wattled kokako¹¹¹, South Island crow³⁴, wattled-bird²³, yellow-wattled crow³⁰

Callaeas wilsoni North Island kokako^75, kōkako⁹⁶, blue crow³⁵, bluegill^81,89, blue-gills⁸⁸, blue-wattled crow^17,89, North Island crow³⁴

Callipepla californica California quail^86, tikaokao⁵⁶, Californian quail¹³, callie⁸⁹, koera¹¹⁶, kuera⁹⁶, kuera Karipōnia¹²⁶, McPherson quail¹³⁹, plumed quail¹³⁹, tikaukau⁵⁶, tikoukou⁵⁶

Calonectris borealis Cory’s shearwater⁸⁹, Mediterranean great shearwater⁶⁰, Mediterranean shearwater⁷⁶, North Atlantic shearwater⁷⁵

Calonectris leucomelas streaked shearwater¹¹⁴

Capellirallus karamu snipe-rail^93,104, cave rail⁷⁶, New Zealand snipe-rail⁹¹

Carduelis carduelis European goldfinch^111, kōurarini¹²⁶, goldfinch¹⁷, goldie⁸¹

Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren goose¹⁷, pig goose⁸⁹

Charadrius melanops black-fronted dotterel⁷⁶, black-fronted plover⁸⁹

Charadrius novaeseelandiae shore plover^50, tuturuatu^20,142, Auckland Island plover⁴², doodooroo attoo¹², kohutapu²⁵, kukuruatu¹², masked plover⁹⁴, New Zealand plover¹², New Zealand sand-plover²⁰, New Zealand shore plover^25,53, sand plover¹⁷, shore dotterel¹¹⁶, stone plover⁸⁸, tchūriwat’¹⁴²

Charadrius semipalmatus semipalmated plover¹¹⁴

Chenonetta finschi Finsch’s duck^93, manutahora¹²⁶, extinct New Zealand duck⁷⁶, extinct New Zealand teal⁵⁴

Chenonetta jubata Australian wood duck⁷⁶, maned duck⁸⁶, maned goose⁷⁵

Chlidonias albostriatus black-fronted tern^25, tarapirohe^56,102,138, common tern¹⁷, gray tern ¹¹, grey tern²⁰, inland tern⁵⁹, plough bird⁸⁸, ploughboy^81,88, riverbed tern⁸¹, sea martin⁸¹, tara¹¹, taraiti⁹⁶, tara piroe^12,118

Chlidonias hybridus whiskered tern⁸⁶

Chlidonias leucopterus white-winged black tern²⁰, eastern white-winged black tern⁴⁵, white-winged marsh tern⁵⁴, white-winged tern¹⁷

Chlidonias niger black tern¹⁴⁹

Chloris chloris European greenfinch¹¹¹, green linnet¹⁷, greenfinch²³, greenie¹³⁹

Chroicocephalus bulleri black-billed gull^17, tarāpuka^95,114,116, black bill gull⁹⁵, Buller’s gull³⁶, lake gull⁸⁸, rapunga⁵⁶, tarapua⁵⁶, tarapuke⁹⁵, tarāpunga^{7,9,11,25,138}, toie (juv)⁵⁶

Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae silver gull⁵⁵, Australian gull³⁶; C. n. scopulinus red-billed gull^25, tarāpunga^{7,8,9,12,15,84}, akiaki^6,25, ash-backed gull⁵, brown-billed gull²⁵, hakorā^38,84, he talle¹², jackie⁶⁴, karae⁵⁶, karehākoa^38,84, katatē^38,84, katete⁹⁶, kittiwake⁴⁶, kittywake⁸⁸, little gull¹¹, mackerel gull^17,37, makorā^25,84,102, New Zealand red-billed gull⁴⁵, New Zealand silver gull⁷⁵, piapuka¹², sea martin⁹⁵, taketake³⁸, tarāpua^84,102

Chrysococcyx lucidus shining cuckoo^13, pīpīwharauroa^9,35,84, bronze cuckoo³⁵, bronze-winged cuckoo²³, cuckoo⁵⁶, cuckoo’s mate⁴³, dog-whistler⁸⁸, glistening cuckoo⁴³, goldenspotted cuckoo¹¹, golden-winged cuckoo⁴³, green cuckoo⁴³, nakonako³⁸, New Zealand shining cuckoo⁴⁵, pipiauroa^20,84, pipiriwharauroa⁵⁶, pipiuwaroa¹⁷, pipiwararoa¹⁵, pipiwarauroa^7,8, pipiwarouroa¹², pipiwawaroa⁶, pipiwawarou¹², piripiriwharauroa³⁸, piwarauroa¹⁰, poopoo arouro¹², pūpūwharauroa^38,84, rauroa⁸⁴, shining bronze-cuckoo^53,100, shining cuckow¹², shiny cuckoo¹⁵, short-tailed cuckoo⁴³, te manu a Māui¹⁰², warauroa⁸, whakarauroa⁵⁶, wharau⁸⁴, wharauroa³⁸, whēnakonako^43,84, whistler¹⁷, whistling cuckoo²³

Circus approximans swamp harrier^81, kāhu^7,9, austral harrier⁹⁶, Australasian harrier⁷⁵, common brown hawk¹¹, common hawk²⁶, Fiji harrier⁷⁵, goldeneyed hawk¹¹, Gould’s harrier²⁰, harrier¹⁵, harrier hawk⁴⁸, hawk¹⁴, kāho¹⁰², kāhu-komokomo^25,84,102, kāhu-kōrako (old bird)^20,84,102, kahu korakorako¹¹, kahu-kura⁵⁶, kāhu maiepa^25,84,102, kāhu-pango (juv)^20,61,84,138, kahu papango¹¹, kāhu pōkere o te whenua (juv)⁸⁴, kērangi^56,84, manu-tahae^25,56, marsh harrier⁸⁹, native harrier³⁵, New Zealand harrier³⁰, swamp hawk^55,88, tapukōrako (old bird)¹³⁸, tikaka³⁸, white hawk¹¹

Circus teauteensis Eyles’ harrier^93, kērangi¹²⁶, extinct harrier⁹¹, Forbes’ harrier¹¹², giant harrier¹³⁹, large extinct harrier⁷⁶, New Zealand harrier¹³⁹

Clymenoptilon novaezealandicum Zealandian tropicbird¹⁵⁰

Cnemiornis spp. New Zealand goose¹³⁹, giant extinct goose⁵⁴, tarepo⁵⁶

Cnemiornis calcitrans South Island goose⁹³, South Island extinct goose⁷⁶

Cnemiornis gracilis North Island goose^93, tarepo¹³⁹, North Island extinct goose⁷⁶, tarepo nō Te Ika-a-Māui¹²⁶

Coenocorypha spp. bush snipe⁶⁹, hākawai^97,102, hōkioi^97,102, island snipe⁹⁸, native snipe⁹⁸, New Zealand semi-woodcock⁹⁸, semi-woodcock⁵⁵, snipe⁴², southern islands snipe⁹⁸, subantarctic snipe⁹⁸, tutukiwi⁸⁷

Coenocorypha aucklandica subantarctic snipe^81,114, native snipe²⁸, New Zealand snipe⁵⁰, semi woodcock (New Zealand)⁵³, semi-woodcock⁸⁸; C. a. aucklandica Auckland Island snipe^20,37, Auckland Islands snipe^45,98; C. a. meinertzhagenae Antipodes Island snipe⁴⁵; C. a. perseverance Campbell Island snipe¹⁰⁴

Coenocorypha barrierensis North Island snipe¹⁰⁷, Little Barrier snipe⁷⁶

Coenocorypha chathamica Forbes’ snipe¹¹², extinct Chatham Island snipe⁵⁴, Forbes’s snipe¹⁰⁷, giant Chatham Island snipe⁹³

Coenocorypha huegeli Snares Island snipe^37,45, tutukiwi⁵⁶, bush snipe⁸⁸, Snares snipe³⁴

Coenocorypha iredalei South Island snipe^107, tutukiwi¹¹², hākawai¹⁰², hākuai^95,102, hākuwai^102,138, hōkio¹⁰², hōkioi¹⁰², hōkiwai¹⁰², Iredale’s snipe¹⁰⁴, kākuikui¹⁰², ōkioī^7,8,9,84,102, Stewart Island snipe⁷⁵

Coenocorypha pusilla Chatham Island snipe²⁵, Chatham Islands snipe^50,45, Chatham snipe¹¹⁶, little snipe⁹⁸, native snipe¹⁷

Collocalia sp. indet. St Bathans swiftlet¹⁴¹

Columba livia rock pigeon^54, kererū aropari¹²⁶, blue rock dove⁸¹, blue rock pigeon²³, common pigeon⁴⁹, domestic pigeon¹¹⁶, feral pigeon⁸⁹, homing pigeon¹¹⁶, pigeon¹⁷, racing pigeon¹³⁹, rock dove⁴⁹, street pigeon¹³⁹

Coracina novaehollandiae black-faced cuckoo-shrike^54,75, Australian greybird¹³⁹, Australian little cuckoo-shrike⁴⁵, Australian shrike²⁵, bifcus¹³⁹, black-faced greybird¹³⁹, black-faced shrike²⁰, blue jay⁸⁹, blue peter¹³⁹, cherry hawk¹³⁹, greater cuckoo-shrike¹³⁹, grey jay¹³⁹, large cuckoo-shrike⁸⁹, little cuckoo shrike⁵⁰, rainbird¹³⁹, shrike thrush¹⁷, shufflewing⁸⁹, small-billed cuckoo-shrike¹³⁹, stormbird¹³⁹, summerbird⁸⁹, white-vented cuckoo-shrike¹³⁹

Corvus frugilegus rook¹⁷, crow⁸⁹

Corvus moriorum New Zealand raven¹⁰⁴, extinct New Zealand crow⁷⁶, New Zealand crow⁹³; C. m. antipodum North Island raven¹⁴¹; C. m. pycrafti South Island raven¹⁴¹; C. m. moriorum Chatham Island raven¹⁰⁴, extinct Chatham Island crow⁵⁴

Coturnix novaezelandiae New Zealand quail^20, koreke¹⁰, kāreke^40,84, koikoiareke³⁸, koitareka⁹⁶, koitareke^10,102, kōkōreke^7,8,9,84, koreka¹⁵, kōriki^56,96, koutareke^8,9,10, koweka⁵⁶, moho-koreke^11,12, native quail¹⁷, quail¹⁵, stubble quail⁹¹, tāreka⁹⁶, tāreke^38,84, tāwaka^56,84, tikaokao⁵⁶, tikaukau⁵⁶, tikoukou⁵⁶, tūpererū⁸⁴, whēwhī⁸⁴

Coturnix ypsilophora brown quail⁴⁹; Coturnix ypsilophora australis Australian brown quail^81, kuera⁹⁶, Australian quail⁴⁸, koera¹³⁸, rat quail⁸³, swamp quail⁴⁹, Tasmanian quail¹⁷

Crex crex corncrake^50,75, land-rail^45,54

strong>?Crossvallia waiparensis Waipara Crossvallia penguin¹⁴¹

Cuculus optatus oriental cuckoo⁵⁰, Australian cuckoo³⁶, hawk cuckoo⁸⁹, Himalayan cuckoo⁸⁹, Horsfield’s cuckoo¹³⁹

Cuculus pallidus pallid cuckoo⁷⁵, brainfever bird⁸⁹, rain bird¹³⁹, storm bird⁸⁹

Cyanoramphus auriceps & C. novaezelandiae kakaiki¹⁷, kākāriki^8,9,31,84, kākāwaiariki^38,84, kākāwairiki^84,100, kākāwariki^{25,84,100,102}, kawariki³⁸, kawatere³⁸, New Zealand parakeet⁹⁹, parakeet¹⁵, parewaka⁹⁵, porere⁹⁵, porete^38,96, pōreterete^38,84, porete-torete⁶¹, poroti^84,102, pouwaitere¹⁰, powaitere⁸, pōwhaitere^9,15,84, tatariki^9,38, torete²⁰, tōreterete^56,84

Cyanoramphus auriceps yellow-crowned parakeet^75, kākāriki^6,96, auriceps parakeet⁴⁶, goldenheaded parakeet¹¹, kakariki kowhai¹⁴⁷, kakariki porere¹⁰, North Island yellow-fronted parakeet⁴⁵, potarakina¹¹, South Island yellow-fronted parakeet⁴⁵, yellow-fronted New Zealand parakeet⁸⁸, yellow-fronted parakeet²⁰, yellow-fronted parrot⁵⁵, yellow-top¹⁵, yellow-top parakeet¹⁷

Cyanoramphus forbesi Forbes’ parakeet^75,88, Chatham Island parakeet³⁴, Chatham Island yellow-crowned parakeet⁸², Chatham Island yellow-fronted parakeet⁷⁶, Chatham Islands’ yellow-fronted parakeet⁴⁵, Chatham parakeet¹³⁶, Forbes’s parakeet¹⁰⁷

Cyanoramphus hochstetteri Reischek’s parakeet⁷⁵, Antipodes Island red-crowned parakeet¹¹⁶, Antipodes Island red-fronted parakeet⁴⁵, Antipodes red-crowned parakeet⁸⁹, Hochstetter’s parakeet¹⁰⁴, red-eared parakeet⁸⁹

Cyanoramphus malherbi orange-fronted parakeet^25, kākāriki karaka^115,131,139, alp-parakeet⁸⁸, alpine parakeet⁷⁵, kākāriki^100,116, kākāriki-rae-karaka¹⁴⁰, Malherbe’s parakeet¹⁰⁸, orange-fronted kākāriki¹⁴⁰, orange-fronted parrot⁵⁵

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae red-crowned parakeet^81, kākāriki^6,84, Auckland-Island parakeet³⁷, Auckland Islands’ parakeet⁴⁵, crimson-top¹⁵, crimson-top parakeet¹⁷, kakiriki¹², lesser red-fronted parrot³², New Zealand parakeet⁷⁵, red-fronted kakariki¹⁰⁰, red-fronted parakeet²⁰, red-fronted parrot⁵⁵, red-headed parakeet^11,139, red-topped parakeet⁸⁸, red-topped parrot⁸⁸; C. n. cyanurus Kermadec parakeet⁷⁵, Kermadec Island parakeet³⁴, Kermadec Islands’ parakeet⁴⁵; C. n. novaezelandiae red-crowned parakeet^81, kākāriki^6,102, kakariki matua¹⁰, po-e-tere^6,12, New Zealand red-crowned parakeet⁸⁹; C. n. chathamensis Chatham Island red-crowned parakeet⁸², Chatham Island parakeet⁷⁵

Cyanoramphus unicolor Antipodes Island parakeet²⁵, Antipodes green parakeet⁸⁸, Antipodes Island green parakeet⁷⁶, Antipodes Island parrot⁵⁵, Antipodes Islands parakeet¹¹⁸, Antipodes parakeet³⁷, green parakeet⁸⁸, uniform parakeet¹³⁹

Cygnus atratus black swan^17, kakīānau¹³⁹, Australasian black swan¹⁰⁷, wāna¹¹⁶, wani¹¹⁶

Cygnus olor mute swan^75, wāna¹³⁸, wani¹³⁸, white swan¹⁷

Cygnus sumnerensis New Zealand swan^93, matapu⁵⁶, extinct New Zealand swan⁵⁴, poūwa¹²¹; C. s. sumnerensis New Zealand swan^93, matapu⁵⁶, New Zealand black swan¹⁰⁷; C. s. chathamicus Chatham Island swan^,76 poūwa¹²¹, pōuwa¹⁴⁷, Chatham Island black swan¹⁰⁷

Dacelo novaeguineae laughing kookaburra⁵⁴, great brown kingfisher⁸⁹, kookaburra⁷⁵, laughing jackass⁴⁹

Daption capense Cape petrel^20, karetai hurukoko¹²⁶, Cape pigeon¹¹, pintado petrel²⁵, speckled haglet⁸⁸, spotted petrel⁵⁰; D. c. australe Snares Cape petrel¹¹⁴, New Zealand Cape petrel¹⁰⁶, Snares Cape pigeon⁷⁵; D. c. capense Antarctic Cape petrel¹¹⁶

Deliaphaps zealandiensis Zealandian dove ¹⁴¹

Dendrocygna eytoni plumed whistling duck^55,92, Eyton’s tree-duck⁸⁹, Eyton’s whistling duck¹³⁹, grass whistle duck⁸⁹, grass whistling duck⁸⁷, plumed tree-duck⁸⁹, plumed whistle duck¹³⁹, plumed whistling tree-duck⁸¹, whistling duck¹⁷

Dendroscansor decurvirostris long-billed wren^107, manu paea¹²⁶

Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi Hawkins’ rail^104, mehonui¹¹², giant Chatham Island rail⁵⁴, hopiritu³¹, moakirua⁵⁶ , moakurarua⁵⁶

Dinornis novaezealandiae North Island giant moa^112, kuranui⁵⁶, giant moa⁹³, large bush moa⁹³, moa tipua¹²⁶, po-waka-i¹², New Zealand ostrich⁵⁶, slender bush moa⁹³

Dinornis robustus South Island giant moa^112, moa nunui¹²⁶, giant moa⁵⁰, large bush moa⁵⁰, slender bush moa⁵⁰

strong>Dinornithiformes moa⁷, kuratai⁵⁶, poua⁵⁶, pouakai⁵⁶, te kura¹⁰⁷

Diomedea spp. toroa^6,9, toroa-teo⁵⁶, toroa-teoteo⁵⁶, toroa whakairo^56,84, toroa whara^56,84

Diomedea antipodensis Antipodean albatross^76, toroa¹³, Antipodes wandering albatross¹²⁸, Australian wandering albatross⁴⁵, wanderer⁶⁸, wandering albatross²³; D. a. gibsoni Gibson’s albatross^76, Gibson’s wandering albatross¹²⁸

Diomedea epomophora & Diomedea sanfordi (royal albatrosses), tapu-korako⁵⁶, toroa ingoingo^84,101, toroa whakaingo^84,138, toroa whakairo¹⁰²

Diomedea epomophora southern royal albatross^75,138, toroa, Campbell Island royal albatross⁴⁵, Enderby Island royal albatross⁴⁵, royal albatross³⁴

Diomedea exulans wandering albatross^97, toroa, albatross¹⁵, gony⁸⁸, hopo¹⁰¹, huianui^56,88, leopard gony (juv)⁸³, snowy albatross³⁴, tapu-korako^56,84,88, teoteo (ch)¹⁰², torea²⁰, wanderer⁸⁹

Diomedea sanfordi northern royal albatross^75,138, toroa, Chatham Island royal albatross⁷⁶, hopo (ch)¹⁰⁹, royal albatross⁵⁴

Dunstanetta johnstoneorum Johnstones’ duck¹¹⁴

Duntroonornis parvus Duntroon penguin⁹³

Egretta garzetta little egret⁷⁵

Egretta novaehollandiae white-faced heron^54, matuku moana^20,138, blue crane⁸¹, blue heron⁸⁸, matuku⁴¹, white-fronted heron²⁰

Egretta sacra reef heron^36,55, matuku moana^38,81, blue crane¹⁵, blue heron¹¹, blue reef heron⁷⁶, eastern reef egret⁹², eastern reef heron⁸⁹, heron¹⁴, kākatai^7,8,38,84, kotuku-wai-tai⁹⁵, matook³, matou-cou³, matuku^9,10, matuku nuia^25,102, matuku tai^25,138, mātukutuku^7,9,25,84, matuku waitai^11,38,138, New Zealand blue heron⁴⁵, New Zealand heron³, reef egret¹¹⁶, sacred heron³, tīkāka^38,84,96

Emberiza cirlus cirl bunting¹⁷

Emberiza citrinella yellowhammer^17,48,61, hurukōwhai¹²⁶, yellow bunting⁷⁵

Emeus crassus eastern moa^93, moa mōmona¹²⁶

Eolophus roseicapillus galah⁹⁷, rose cockatoo¹³⁹, roseate cockatoo¹³⁹, rose-breasted cockatoo¹³⁹, Willock cockatoo¹³⁹

Erythrogonys cinctus red-kneed dotterel⁸⁶

Eudynamys taitensis long-tailed cuckoo^13,15,51, koekoeā, cuckoo¹¹, home owl¹⁰⁰, karere-o-mahuru⁵⁶, kawakawea¹², kaweau⁵⁶, kawekaweā^8,84, kawekaweau⁵⁶, koehoperoa^9,35, koekoa¹⁵, koekoea^7,8,9,84, koekoeau⁵⁶, koekoia⁶, kohaperoa⁶, kohapiroa⁶, koheperoa⁶, kohepuroa¹², kohihi^7,8, kōhoperoa^8,84, kokoea³⁸, kuekuea³⁸, long-tailed koel⁹⁷, manu-o-mahuru⁵⁶, New Zealand koel⁸⁸, screamer⁸⁸, screecher⁸⁹, Society cuckow¹², sparrow hawk¹⁰⁰

Eudyptes atatu dawn crested penguin¹⁴¹

Eudyptes chrysocome western rockhopper penguin⁹¹, southern rockhopper penguin¹³⁹

Eudyptes chrysolophus macaroni penguin²⁵; E. c. schlegeli royal penguin²⁵, macaroni penguin⁴⁵, Schlegel’s penguin³⁶

Eudyptes filholi eastern rockhopper penguin^91, tawaki piki toka¹²⁶, Campbell Island crested penguin⁴⁵, crested penguin⁴⁵, rock-hopper³⁷, rockhopper penguin^68,74, tufted penguin²⁵, Victoria penguin³⁶, yellow-crested penguin⁸⁸

Eudyptes moseleyi northern rockhopper penguin¹¹⁸, Moseley’s rockhopper penguin⁸⁶

Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Fiordland crested penguin⁷⁶, tawaki⁸, crested penguin¹⁷, drooping-crested penguin⁷⁰, Fiordland penguin⁸⁹, great penguin¹⁵, New Zealand crested penguin⁷⁵, pokotiwha²⁵, popotiwha⁵⁶, tauake¹², tawake^84,95,102, tawhaki⁸, thick-billed penguin⁵⁵, tufted penguin⁴⁶, Victoria penguin⁴², yellow-crested penguin²⁰

Eudyptes robustus Snares crested penguin^75, pokotiwha⁹⁹, rock-hopper penguin³⁷, Snares Island crested penguin⁹², Snares Island penguin⁷⁰, Snares penguin⁸⁹, tawaki nana hō¹²⁶

Eudyptes sclateri erect-crested penguin^65, tawaki nana hī¹²⁶, big-crested penguin^34,42, great-crested penguin⁶³, Sclater’s penguin²⁵, Sclater’s rock-hopper³⁷, tawaki⁸⁹

Eudyptes warhami Chatham Island crested penguin¹⁴¹, Chatham crested penguin¹⁰⁴, Warham’s crested penguin¹³⁹, Warham’s penguin¹³⁹

Eudyptula minor little penguin^11, kororā^6,9,84, blue penguin¹⁵, fairy penguin⁸⁹, little blue penguin²⁰, rockhopper^46,52; E. m. minor New Zealand little penguin^141, Chatham Island blue penguin⁸⁶, Chatham Islands’ little penguin⁴⁵, Cook Strait blue penguin⁸¹, karora⁵⁶, korara⁸⁹, northern blue penguin⁷⁵, penu^84,95, silver penguin⁵⁰, southern blue penguin⁷⁵, white-flippered blue penguin⁸⁶, white-flippered penguin³⁴; E. m. novaehollandiae Australian little penguin¹²³, fairy penguin⁹²

Eudyptula wilsonae Wilson’s penguin¹⁵⁰

Euryapteryx curtus stout-legged moa^112, moa hakahaka¹²⁶, moa waewae hakahaka¹²⁶; E. c. curtus coastal moa⁹³, broad-billed moa¹³⁹, North Island coastal moa¹²³; E. c. gravis stout-legged moa⁹³, South Island coastal moa¹²³

Eurystomus orientalis dollarbird^32,75,91, Australian roller²⁵, broad-billed roller⁷⁵, eastern broad-billed roller⁵⁴, roller⁵⁰

Falco cenchroides nankeen kestrel³⁶, Australian kestrel⁸⁹, Australian windhover⁸¹, hoverer⁸¹

Falco novaeseelandiae New Zealand falcon^12, kārearea^7,9,12,84, bush falcon⁸⁹, bush hawk^20,45,74, eastern falcon⁸⁹, falcon¹⁵, kāeaea^20,84, kahu¹², kahu papango¹², kāiaia^7,8,9,84, kaiawa⁵⁶, kāieie^38,102, kākarapiti (m)^20,84, kakaratiti⁶¹, kārewarewa^8,84, kārewarewa tara^20,84, kari-area¹², kāuaua^6,9,84, little falcon¹¹, pimirumiru^7,8, pouakai⁹⁵, quail hawk^17,20, southern falcon⁸⁹, sparrowhawk^14,17,89, tāwaka^20,84

Fregata spp. man-o’-war bird^89,139, man-o’-war hawk^89,139, pirate bird¹³⁹, sea-hawk¹³⁹

Fregata ariel lesser frigatebird^45,55,91, least frigatebird⁹², least man-o’-war⁸¹, small frigatebird²⁰

Fregata minor great frigatebird^20,36,92, eastern tropic bird⁴⁵, frigate bird^15,17, greater frigatebird^54,91, hakuai³⁸, hakuwai²⁵, hokioi²⁵, hokiwai³⁸, okioi^7,38, Pacific man-o’-war bird⁸⁹

Fregetta grallaria white-bellied storm petrel^75,92, broad-tailed storm petrel¹³⁹, Vieillot’s storm petrel¹³⁹, white-fringed storm petrel⁵⁷

Fregetta maoriana New Zealand storm petrel^{76, 128,} takahikare-raro¹¹⁶, lined storm-petrel⁵⁵, Maori storm petrel⁵⁷, Peninsula storm petrel^58,60, Samoan storm petrel⁴⁵, streaked storm-petrel¹²⁸

Fregetta tropica black-bellied storm petrel^20,45, takahikare-rangi⁵⁶, black-bellied petrel⁶¹, storm petrel⁵⁶, stormy petrel¹⁷, takahikare⁵⁶, takahikare-moana⁵⁶, takahikare-raro⁵⁶

Fringilla coelebs chaffinch^17, pahirini¹⁰², common chaffinch¹¹¹, whitira korepe¹⁰²

Fulica atra Eurasian coot⁹¹, coot⁵⁰; F. a. australis Australian coot³⁶, Australasian coot⁸⁹, eastern Australian coot⁴⁵, Murray coot⁴⁹

Fulica chathamensis Chatham Island coot⁹¹, extinct Chatham Island coot⁵⁴, New Zealand coot⁷⁶

Fulica prisca New Zealand coot⁷⁶, extinct South Island coot⁵⁴

Fulmarus glacialis northern fulmar¹⁴¹, Arctic fulmar¹³⁹; F. g. rodgersii Pacific northern fulmar¹⁴¹

Fulmarus glacialoides Antarctic fulmar⁸¹, silver-grey fulmar⁷⁵, silver-grey petrel³⁴, silvery-grey fulmar⁴², silvery-grey petrel²⁰, southern fulmar⁸⁹

Gallinago hardwickii Japanese snipe⁵⁴, Australian snipe³⁶, Latham’s snipe⁸⁹, longbill⁸⁹

Gallinula chloropus common moorhen¹¹⁴, common gallinule¹³⁹, common waterhen¹³⁹, Indian waterhen⁸², moorhen¹³⁹

Gallinula tenebrosa dusky moorhen⁸², black gallinule¹³⁹, black moorhen¹³⁹, dusky gallinule¹³⁹, sombre gallinule¹³⁹, sombre moorhen¹³⁹

Gallirallus australis weka^6,99, brown wood-hen⁵⁵, hoā^38,56,84, kelp-hen^22,94, Māori hen^88,94,116, moho¹², mokakaweka^56,88, mokaweka⁵⁶, mū^56,84, troglodyte rail¹², weka rail^23,37, wekaweka^6,38, woodhen^6,11,15,17, woodrail⁸¹; G. a. greyi North Island weka¹⁵, brown woodhen⁶¹, North Island woodhen^20,45; G. a. australis western weka⁷⁵, black weka³⁰, black woodhen^17,20,37, brown weka⁵⁰, brown woodhen^36,50, dark wood hen¹⁵, Earl’s weka⁵⁶, mohopango¹⁵, South Island weka²², South Island woodhen^20,37, southern woodhen³², water hen⁸⁸, weka-pango (black morph)^20,84; G. a. hectori buff weka⁷⁵, buff woodhen³⁶, eastern buff weka¹⁰¹, eastern weka⁷⁵, hill woodhen^34,88, South Island weka⁵⁰, South Island woodhen^45,50, southern woodhen^55,88; G. a. scotti Stewart Island weka⁷⁵, Stewart Island wood-hen⁴⁵

Garrodia nereis grey-backed storm petrel^20,37, reoreo^7,9,38, storm-petrel⁴²

Gelochelidon nilotica gull-billed tern⁷⁶; G. n. macrotarsa Australian gull-billed tern¹⁴¹, Australian tern¹³⁹, long-legged tern⁸⁹

Gerygone albofrontata Chatham Island warbler²⁵, Chatham gerygone¹³⁶, Chatham Island gerygone¹⁰⁸, Chatham Islands warbler^45,55, warbler⁶⁴, white-faced warbler²⁰, white-fronted warbler⁵³, woodpecker⁵¹

Gerygone igata grey warbler^17, riroriro^11,14, ashcoloured wren¹¹, bartailed wren¹¹, black cap¹⁵, bush warbler³⁶, gray gerygone¹²⁵, grey fairy-warbler¹¹⁶, grey gerygone¹⁰⁵, hīrorirori^38,84, hōrirerire^11,84, hororirori⁵⁶, igata⁶, kariroriro⁶¹, kōrire^56,84, kōrirerire^38,84, kōriroriro^7,9,20,84, momohoua¹⁵, New Zealand gerygone¹³⁹, New Zealand grey warbler⁵⁵, nonoroheke³⁸, nonoroheko³⁸, North Island grey warbler⁴⁵, North Island mountain warbler⁴⁵, piripiri¹⁵, pītongatonga^84,96, rainbird¹³⁹, rirerire³⁸, rirerite¹³⁷, riretori⁸⁴, riretoro⁵⁶, riririro¹³⁷, South Island bush warbler⁴⁵, South Island grey warbler⁴⁵, South-Island warbler³⁷, teetotum⁸⁹, titiripaenamu¹², tōtoroie^56,84, totorori⁴⁰, tōtororire^38,84, warbler³⁵, whiringa⁵⁶, whiringa-ā-tau⁸⁴

Glareola maldivarum oriental pratincole⁸², Australian pratincole³⁶, eastern collared pratincole⁸⁹, eastern pratincole⁸⁹, large Indian pratincole¹³⁹, oriental collared pratincole⁸¹, swallow-plover⁸⁹

Grallina cyanoleuca magpie-lark¹⁴¹, Australian magpie-lark⁴⁹, mudlark^49,139, peewee^49,139, peewit¹³⁹, pied grallina⁴⁹

Grus sp. unidentified crane¹³⁹

Gygis alba white tern³⁴, angel tern¹¹⁶, fairy tern⁸¹, love tern⁸¹, Pacific tern⁸⁹, silky white tern²⁷, white noddy⁸¹

Gymnorhina tibicen Australian magpie^17, makipai¹¹⁶, bell-magpie¹¹⁶, black-backed magpie⁵⁴, makipae⁹⁶, timohina¹⁰², white-backed crow-shrike⁴⁹, white-backed magpie⁵⁴

Haematopus chathamensis Chatham Island oystercatcher^75, tōrea tai¹³⁸, Chatham Islands oystercatcher¹¹⁸, Chatham oystercatcher¹¹⁶, oyster-catcher⁶⁴, redbill⁸⁹, torea³¹

Haematopus finschi South Island pied oystercatcher^75, tōrea^7,8,9,84, common oystercatcher⁵⁶, Finsch’s oystercatcher¹⁰⁴, korea⁵⁶, New Zealand oyster-catcher⁴⁵, New Zealand pied oystercatcher¹³⁹, oystercatcher⁵⁶, pied oystercatcher^11,17, pied piper⁸⁷, pied redbill⁸⁸, redbill^15,17,81, sea-pie²³, SIPO⁸⁸, torea-nui¹¹, tōrea tai^25,102, tōrea tuawhenua¹¹⁶, toria¹², toria nui¹²

Haematopus unicolor variable oystercatcher^81, tōrea pango (black morph)^20,23,84,91, black oystercatcher^11,17, black red-bill²³, korea⁵⁶, mudpigeon^81,87, musselpicker⁸⁷, New Zealand black oyster-catcher⁴⁵, North Island oyster-catcher⁷³, North Island pied oystercatcher⁷⁶, northern oystercatcher⁷⁵, redbill^14,56,59, sooty oyster-catcher⁵⁵, tōrea^7,8,9,84, torea-nui¹¹, tōrea tai⁸⁴, VOC¹¹⁶

Hakawai melvillei New Zealand lake-wanderer¹⁴¹

Haliaeetus leucogaster white-bellied sea eagle^76,94

Halobaena caerulea blue petrel²⁰

Hemiphaga chathamensis parea^29, Chatham Island pigeon³⁴, Chatham Islands pigeon^45,50, Chatham pigeon¹¹⁶, kuku⁵⁴, parē³¹

Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae kererū^7,9, New Zealand pigeon¹², cucupyi¹², hagarreroo¹², karoro tangi harau⁸⁴, keriru¹⁰, kokopa¹³⁹, kūkū^6,9,84, kūkupa^6,9, manu-tute (m)⁵⁶, native pigeon⁴⁶, New Zealand wood pigeon⁶¹, parea⁵⁶, pigeon¹¹, rupe (large bird)³⁸, tarariki (small bird)³⁸, woodpigeon^17,23,97

Heracles inexpectatus St Bathans giant parrot¹⁴¹

Heteralocha acutirostris huia^7,8,96, ellia¹², huianui (f)¹⁰², New Zealand woodpecker¹³⁹, paoke⁵⁶

Himantopus sp. tukararoa⁵⁶

Himantopus himantopus leucocephalus pied stilt^11, poaka¹⁵, Australasian pied stilt⁹¹, barker⁸¹, black-throated stilt²¹, black-winged stilt⁹⁴, daddy longlegs⁸¹, New Zealand stilt⁴⁵, pied stilt plover¹⁷, pip⁸¹, popourangi^84,102, rerewaka⁹⁵, stilt⁸¹, tarapunga^7,10, tōrea^7,25,84, torea-iti¹¹, toria⁶, turituri pourewa^7,9,38,56,96, turiturupourewa³⁸, turuturu-pourewa^56,138, tutumata¹¹, tuturi pourewa^25,41,138, tuturu-pourewa^56,138, waewae tōrea¹⁰², white-headed stilt²⁰, white-necked stilt³⁶, white-necked stilt-plover²⁵

Himantopus novaezelandiae kakī^20,84, black stilt¹¹, black stilt plover¹⁷, kanohi¹³⁷, (New Zealand) black stilt⁵³, poaka¹⁵, poako¹², pōkākā^84,102, stilt¹⁵, stilt plover¹³, torea aiti¹², torea-iti^11,12, tōrea pango^25,84, tūarahia^25,84, tutumata⁶

Hirundapus caudacutus white-throated needletail⁹⁷, needle-tailed swift⁹⁷, northern needletail¹³⁹, spine-tailed swift³⁶, white-throated needle-tailed swift⁸⁹

Hirundo neoxena welcome swallow^75, warou⁹⁶, Australian swallow⁴⁹, house swallow⁹⁷, Pacific swallow⁹⁷, swallow⁸⁹

Hydrobates leucorhous Leach’s storm petrel^89,92, fork-tailed storm petrel⁷⁶, Leach’s fork-tail petrel⁶⁰, Leach’s fork-tailed petrel⁷⁵, Leach’s fork-tailed storm petrel⁸¹, Leach’s petrel⁸⁹

Hydrobates matsudairae Matsudaira’s storm petrel¹⁴⁹

Hydroprogne caspia Caspian tern^17, taranui^11,20,38,84, great tern¹¹, kāhawai^38,84, New Zealand Caspian tern⁴⁵, tara¹⁵, tara-a-punga³⁸, tara kakao¹¹, tara punga^84,102, tara-whaka-rara⁹⁵, tern¹⁵

Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos whio^11, blue duck¹⁷, blue mountain-duck^15,32, he-wee-go¹², korowhio⁵⁶, korowhiowhio⁹⁶, kōwhiowhio⁹⁹, lapped bill duck¹¹, mountain duck^17,39, parera-kowhio⁹⁵, soft-billed duck¹², whiho¹², whiorau^9,38, whistling duck⁸⁸, wio⁸, wiorau⁷

Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii Dieffenbach’s rail^20, moeriki⁶, Chatham Island rail⁵⁰, Chatham Islands rail^45,53, mehoriki¹¹², meriki⁹⁴, moerihi⁹⁴, moho¹⁵

Hypotaenidia philippensis banded rail^25, moho pererū^12,15,20,84, banded landrail⁸⁸, buff-banded rail⁵⁰, kata tei⁹⁴, katatai^6,84, konini⁶, landrail^13,25,81, mioweka⁸¹, moho^9,84, moho kākatai⁹⁶, moho kātātai^12,38,84, moho-koreke³⁸, moho-kura³⁸, moho-pango³⁸, moho-patarai⁶¹, moho pātātai^11,20,84, moho-popotai⁸⁴, moho pūohotata^56,84, moho-ririwai^38,56, moho tātai^20,38,84, moho-tupereru³⁸, moririwai⁵⁶, motarua³⁸, New Zealand banded rail⁷⁵, New Zealand buff-banded rail⁴⁵, oho³⁸, ohomauri^38,40, patarai⁶¹, pātātai^20,84, pectoral rail³⁴, pepe⁵⁶, pōpōtai^8,20,84, pūohotata^25,84, striped land rail¹⁵, striped rail¹⁷, tātai¹³⁷

Ixobrychus minutus little bittern⁹¹; Ixobrychus minutus dubius Australian little bittern⁹¹

Ixobrychus novaezelandiae New Zealand little bittern^45, kaoriki²⁰, kioriki⁵⁶, little bittern¹⁷, New Zealand bittern¹¹²

Kaiika maxwelli Maxwell’s penguin¹⁴¹

Kairuku grebneffi Grebneff’s penguin¹⁴¹

Kairuku waewaeroa Junats’ penguin¹⁴¹

Kairuku waitaki Waitaki penguin¹⁴¹

Korora oliveri Oliver’s penguin⁹³

Kuiornis indicator St Bathans wren¹⁴¹

Kumimanu biceae Bice’s penguin¹⁴¹, colossal penguin¹⁴¹

Kumimanu fordycei Fordyce’s penguin¹⁵⁰

Kupoupou stilwelli Stilwell’s penguin¹⁴¹

Lalage tricolor white-winged triller⁸², Australian white-winged triller⁹¹, peewee-lark⁸⁹, white-shouldered caterpillar-eater⁸⁹

Larus dominicanus southern black-backed gull^20, karoro^7,8, Antarctic black-backed gull⁸⁸, black-backed gull⁵, brown gull¹¹, common gull¹¹, dominican gull⁸⁶, eagle gull⁵⁶, kaiē (juv)⁸⁴, kelp gull⁸⁸, koiro (ch)²⁵, koriro (ch)⁵⁶, kōtingotingo (juv)^38,84, mollyhawk (juv)¹³⁹, New Zealand black-backed gull⁴⁵, ngōiro (ch)^20,84, pohio^84,95,138, punua (ch)²⁵, rāpunga⁸⁴, seagull⁵⁶, southern black-back gull³³, tangiharau⁸⁴, toie (juv)³⁸

Leucocarbo spp. kauau⁸, kauwau⁶, kawau⁹⁶, kōau^38,84

Leucocarbo campbelli Campbell Island shag^25,37, black-backed cormorant⁶⁰, Campbell Island cormorant⁷⁹, Campbell Islands shag¹¹⁸, Campbell shag⁹², Magellanic shag²⁸, white-rumped cormorant⁵⁵

Leucocarbo carunculatus New Zealand king shag^75, kawau pāteketeke¹³⁸, carunculated shag⁸⁹, Cook Strait cormorant⁸⁹, Cook-Straits cormorant³⁷, king shag⁸², koau-pateketeke⁹⁵, Marlborough shag⁷⁵, Marlborough Sounds shag⁸⁹, New Zealand king cormorant¹³⁹, rough-faced cormorant⁵⁵, rough-faced shag²⁰, te kawau-a-Toru¹¹⁶

Leucocarbo chalconotus Otago shag^141, matapo⁵⁶, bronze cormorant⁵⁵, bronze shag⁴⁵, brown shag²⁵, Gray’s shag²⁰, Hutton’s shag²⁵, mapo⁵⁶, mapua¹², parekareka⁸, pink-footed shag³⁴, Stewart cormorant¹¹⁶, Stewart Island cormorant¹³⁹, Stewart Island shag⁷⁵, Stewart shag⁹², white-rumped cormorant⁵⁵

Leucocarbo colensoi Auckland Island shag^25,37, kawau o Motu Maha¹²⁶, Auckland cormorant¹¹⁶, Auckland Islands shag^45,118, Auckland shag⁹², white-rumped cormorant⁵⁵

Leucocarbo onslowi Chatham Island shag^54, papua⁵⁶, Chatham cormorant¹¹⁶, Chatham Island cormorant⁶³, Chatham Islands shag¹¹⁸, Chatham Islands white-breasted shag⁵¹, Chatham shag⁹², emperor shag²⁵, kawau o Rēkohu¹²⁶, kawau o Wharekauri¹²⁶, Lord Onslow’s shag³⁷, Onslow’s shag³⁶, Pitt Island shag³⁴

Leucocarbo purpurascens Macquarie Island shag^34,37, blue-eyed shag⁹¹, emperor shag⁸⁹, imperial cormorant⁸⁹, imperial shag⁹¹, king shag⁹¹, Macquarie Island cormorant⁶⁰, Macquarie shag⁹², subantarctic king shag⁸⁹

Leucocarbo ranfurlyi Bounty Island shag^34,37, Bounty cormorant¹¹⁶, Bounty Island cormorant⁸⁸, Bounty Islands shag^45,118, Bounty shag⁹², Ranfurly’s shag³⁶, white-rumped cormorant⁵⁵

Leucocarbo septentrionalis kōhatu shag^122,132, kawau kōhatu^122,141

Leucocarbo stewarti Foveaux shag^141, mapo⁵⁶, bronze cormorant⁵⁵, bronze shag⁵⁴, matapo⁵⁶, Stewart cormorant¹¹⁶, Stewart Island cormorant¹³⁹, Stewart Island shag^34,37, Stewart shag⁹², white-backed cormorant⁶⁰, white-rumped cormorant⁵⁵

Leucophaeus atricilla laughing gull¹⁴¹

Leucophaeus pipixcan Franklin’s gull¹¹⁴

Lewinia muelleri Auckland Island rail³⁴, Auckland Islands rail^45,118, Lewin’s rail⁹⁷

Limnodromus semipalmatus Asiatic dowitcher⁹¹, Asian dowitcher⁹⁸

Limosa haemastica Hudsonian godwit³⁷, American black-tailed godwit⁸¹, American godwit⁵⁰, Hudsonian sandpiper⁵⁵, hudwit¹³⁹, red-breasted godwit³⁶

Limosa lapponica bar-tailed godwit^20, kuaka^7,8,9,84, barred godwit⁶¹, barred-rumped godwit²⁰, barwit¹³⁹, curlew¹⁷, godwit¹¹, goodwit¹⁷; L. l. baueri eastern bar-tailed godwit^75, kuaka^7,8,9,84, eastern barred-rumped godwit⁴⁵, grey stilt¹⁵, hakakao (old bird)²⁵, kakao (old bird)³⁸, karoro⁸⁴, kohikuhikuaka¹¹, kuako⁵⁶, kuhikuhiwaka⁵⁶, kuhikuiwaka⁸⁸, kura (breeding plumage)³⁸, New Zealand godwit²², Pacific bar-tailed godwit⁸¹, Pacific godwit⁸⁹, pāeraera (juv)¹⁰², pārerarera (juv)^38,84, poaka⁹⁵, pouaka⁹⁵, powaka⁹⁵, rakakao (old bird)³⁸, rīrīwaka^12,84, southern godwit²⁵, tapukōrako¹⁰², tarakakao^38,56,84

Limosa limosa black-tailed godwit⁹¹; L. l. melanuroides Asiatic black-tailed godwit⁸¹, eastern black-tailed godwit⁸⁹

Litorallus livezeyi Livezey’s rail¹⁴¹

Lugensa brevirostris Kerguelen petrel⁷⁵

Macronectes spp giant petrel^20, pāngurunguru^56,84,138, giant fulmar^58,89, glutton⁸⁸, nellie⁸⁸, nelly^17,28,88, omakura⁹⁶, pāngurungaru¹⁰², sea vulture¹³⁹, stinker^88,89, stinkpot^59,74,88

Macronectes giganteus southern giant petrel^82,92, pāngurunguru^56,84,116, Antarctic giant petrel⁴⁵, white nelly (white morph)³⁷

Macronectes halli northern giant petrel^82,92, pāngurunguru^56,84,116, Hall’s giant petrel⁸⁹, New Zealand giant petrel⁴⁵

Macronectes tinae Tina’s giant petrel¹⁵⁰

Malacorhynchus membranaceus pink-eared duck⁹⁷, pink-ear¹³⁹, pink-eye¹³⁹, pink-eyed duck⁹⁷, pinkie¹³⁹, whistler¹³⁹, whistling teal¹³⁹, wigeon¹³⁹, zebra duck¹³⁹, zebra teal¹³⁹

Malacorhynchus scarletti Scarlett’s duck⁹³, New Zealand pink-eared duck¹⁰⁷

Manu antiquus extinct albatross (?)⁹³

Manuherikia douglasi Douglas’ duck¹¹⁴

Manuherikia lacustrina Manuherikia duck¹¹⁴

Manuherikia minuta minute Manuherikia duck¹¹⁴

Manuherikia primadividua St Bathans diving duck¹⁵⁰

Marplesornis novaezealandiae Harris’ penguin⁹³

Matanas enrighti Enright’s duck¹¹⁴

Matuku otagoense St Bathans heron¹⁴¹

Megadyptes antipodes yellow-eyed penguin^46, hoiho^8,11,96, common penguin¹⁵, grand penguin⁴², great penguin¹¹, hoihoi^56,88, korara¹², takaraha¹³⁸, takaraka⁸⁹, yellow-crested penguin⁵⁰, yellow-crowned penguin²⁰, yellow-headed penguin²⁸; M. a. waitaha Waitaha penguin¹¹⁴; M. a. richdalei Richdale’s penguin¹⁴¹

Megalapteryx didinus upland moa^93, moa pukepuke¹²⁶

Meleagris gallopavo wild turkey^76, korukoru¹¹⁶, feral turkey¹³⁹, pīpipi^7,8, turkey¹⁷; M. g. gallopavo Gould’s wild turkey¹¹⁴

Mergus australis Auckland Island merganser^25,55, miuweka⁹⁵, Auckland Islands merganser^45,50, Auckland Island’s muganser⁵³, Auckland merganser⁹², merganser⁶¹, New Zealand merganser¹¹⁴, ngutu niniho¹²⁶, southern merganser³⁴

Mergus milleneri Chatham Island merganser¹⁴¹

Microcarbo melanoleucos little pied cormorant⁸⁸, little cormorant^55,88, little pied shag⁵⁴; M. m. brevirostris little shag^75, kawaupaka^20,61,84, aroarotea³⁸, frilled shag¹⁷, kauau⁸, kauwau⁶, kawau⁹⁶, kawau tatariki⁴⁰, kawau teoteo^56,84, kawau tīeke (pied morph)^56,84, kōau^38,84, little river shag⁸⁹, pohotea⁸⁴, teoteo³⁸, white-throated shag¹⁷

Milvus migrans black kite⁹⁷, fork-tailed kite⁹⁷, Kimberley kite¹³⁹, kite hawk¹³⁹

Miotadorna catrionae Catriona’s shelduck¹⁴⁵

Miotadorna sanctibathansi St Bathans shelduck¹¹⁴, St Bathans duck¹³⁹

Mohoua albicilla whitehead^17,34,46, pōpokotea^7,11,84, bush canary⁵⁰, canary³⁵, hihi popokera^12,88, hihipopokero^15,38, hore³⁸, horehore⁵⁶, mohoua³⁸, mohua³⁸, mohuahua³⁸, momoroua⁸, mōriorio^56,84, mōtengitengi^56,84, ōriorio¹³⁷, pōpokatea^9,12,96, pōporoihewa^7,9,84, popotea²⁰, porihawa^7,56, poriporihewa^38,88, poupoutea²⁰, riroriro⁹⁵, tātāeko^35,38,84, tātāeto^35,84, tātāhore^38,84, tātaiato^8,38,84, tātaihore^35,84,102, tātāngaeko^38,84, tātaranaeko^56,84, tātarangaeko^38,84, tātariheko^38,84, toitoi^6,8, upokotea²⁰, white-headed canary³⁵, whiteheaded tit¹¹

Mohoua novaeseelandiae brown creeper^17, pīpipi^8,12, brown canary⁸⁸, brown linnet¹⁷, brown wren⁴³, bush creeper⁴⁶, horirerire¹², momohoua^6,12, momohua⁸, New Zealand creeper²⁰, New Zealand titmouse¹⁰⁵, pipirihika³⁸, reed wren¹⁵, riroriro^6,8, tītirihika^38,84, titoitoi^8,56,84, toetoe^6,8, toitoi¹⁷

Mohoua ochrocephala mohua^38,96, yellowhead^17,45,46, bush canary³⁴, canary¹⁷, hihi popokera^38,56,96, hihipopokero³⁸, hore³⁸, mohoua⁸, mohoua houa⁶, mōhuahua^38,84, momohua⁵⁶, native canary³⁵, New Zealand canary⁸⁸, popokatea⁶, popokotea^7,20, popotea²⁰, poriporihewa³⁸, poupoutea²⁰, South Island canary³⁵, tataeko³⁸, tataeto³⁸, tatahore³⁸, tataiato^8,38, tataihore³⁸, tatangaeko³⁸, tatarangaeko³⁸, tatariheko³⁸, tatariki^7,95, upokotea²⁰, yellow-head canary³², yellow-headed canary³⁵, yellow-headed flycatcher¹⁰⁵

Monarcha melanopsis black-faced monarch¹¹⁴, black-faced flycatcher¹³⁹, black-faced monarch-flycatcher¹³⁹, carinated flycatcher¹³⁹, grey-winged monarch-flycatcher¹³⁹, pearly-winged flycatcher¹³⁹

Morus capensis Cape gannet¹¹⁴, South African gannet¹³⁹

Morus serrator Australasian gannet^86, tākapu^11,84, Australian gannet²⁰, gannet¹¹, karake³⁸, New Zealand gannet⁴⁵, Pacific gannet¹³⁹, solan goose⁸⁹, taiko⁸, tākupu^7,8,9, tākupu kareke⁸⁴, tara⁶, tātākī^38,96,102, the gannet⁵⁰, toroa-haoika^25,84, toroa-horoika^38,84, toroa tatakī^56,84

Muriwaimanu tuatahi Waipara penguin¹¹⁴

Myiagra cyanoleuca satin flycatcher⁸¹

Neilus samsonae Sansom’s plover¹⁴¹

Nelepsittacus daphneleeae Lee’s parrot¹⁴¹

Nelepsittacus donmertoni Merton’s parrot¹⁴¹

Nelepsittacus minimus little St Bathans parrot¹⁴¹

Nestor chathamensis Chatham Island kaka¹⁰⁴, Chatham Island parrot¹³⁹, Chatham kaka¹³⁹, Chatham parrot¹³⁹

Nestor meridionalis kākā^6,9,96, kaka⁶, brown parrot¹⁷, bush parrot⁸⁹, huripā (var)^38,102, kaea⁵⁶, kaka huripa (var)¹⁰, kākā kereru (var)^13,56,84, kākā kōrako (var)^13,84, kākā kura (var)^13,56,84, kaka motaraua (var)¹⁰, kākā nihoriki (var)^56,84, kākā parakiwai (var)^56,138, kaka parrot²⁰, kaka-pipiwarauroa²⁰, kākā pipiwharauroa (var)^56,84, kākā reko (var)^25,84, karoro tea (var)^38,56,84, karoro uri (var)^38,56,84, kawkaw¹³⁹, kēkētoi (fat bird)^40,84, kereru (var)³⁸, korako³⁸ (var), kōrī^56,84, kōriwhai^38,84, kura (var)³⁸, maimoa⁵⁶, manu-tuauru (var)⁵⁶, mokai⁵⁶, motaraua (var)³⁸, moutī (decoy bird)^56,84, mū, New Zealand kaka¹⁰⁷, niho (var)⁸⁴, nihonui (var)^38,56, nihoriki (var)^38,56, pakipaki⁵⁶, parrot¹¹, perehere³⁸, perua⁵⁶, pipiriwharauroa (var)³⁸, reko (var)³⁸, southern brown parrot¹, tamaire (var)³⁸, tarariki (f)³⁸, tātāapopo (m)^38,40,84, tātarariki (flock leader)^40,84, tātāriki (flock leader)^40,84, tatarikuha (flock leader)^56,102, tāwaka (m)^40,84, tiaka (flock leader)⁸⁴, tuaru (var)³⁸, western kaka parrot²⁰, whakakope⁵⁶; N. m. septentrionalis North Island kaka⁷⁵, brown kaka⁵⁴, North Island brown kaka⁶¹, North Island kaka parrot⁴⁵; N. m. meridionalis South Island kaka⁷⁵, green kaka⁵⁴, South Island green kaka⁶¹, South Island kaka parrot⁴⁵

Nestor notabilis kea¹², alpine parrot⁸⁸, green parrot²³, kaieo²³, kea parrot²⁰, keha²⁵, keorangi⁵⁶, kia⁸⁴, mountain parrot^15,20, New Zealand mountain parrot¹³⁹

Ninox albifacies laughing owl^17,20, whēkau^20,84, big morepork⁹⁵, big owl⁸⁸, hakoke³⁸, kakaha²⁰, kopake⁹⁶, laughing jackass^17,20, open country owl⁹⁵, rock owl⁸⁹, ruruwekau¹², ruru-whēkau^20,84,102, ruru-whenua⁹⁵, wekau¹², wekaukau⁵⁶, whēkaukau^38,84; N. a. rufifacies North Island laughing owl⁴⁵, rufous-faced owl³⁶, rufous laughing owl⁷⁶; N. a. albifacies South Island laughing owl⁴⁵

Ninox novaeseelandiae ruru^7, morepork^11,14,20, boobook⁹⁷, boobook owl⁵⁵, common owl¹¹, eou hou¹², herooroo¹², heruru¹⁴, kao-kao^12,88, karu peho (large-eyed)¹⁰², koukou^6,7,9,14, kuru⁴¹, morepork owl⁵³, New Zealand owl²⁰, New Zealand morepork¹⁴⁶, North Island morepork owl⁴⁵, peho¹⁵, pehopeho³⁸, peopeo⁹⁵, piopio⁹⁵, ruru koukou⁹⁵, rurupeho^6,23, ruru-ruru^12,38,88, South Island morepork owl⁴⁵, southern boobook¹⁰⁰, Tasman morepork¹⁴⁶

Notiomystis cincta hihi^8,116, stitchbird^17,20,50, hihi-matakiore (f)²⁰, hihi-paka (m)^15,20, hihi-pakawera³⁸, hioi¹², honey-bird⁸⁸, ihe¹³⁷, ihi⁶, kōhihi (m)^7,38,84, kōtihe^6,84, kōtihe wera (m)^20,56,84,138, kōtihetihe (m)^7,8,9,56,84, kotihetike (m)⁸⁸, matakiore (f)³⁸, mōtihe¹³⁷, mōtihetihe^38,84, pogonornis¹⁰³, tihe¹¹, tihe-kiore (f)²⁰, tihe-ora (m)^25,56, tihe-wai (f)^38,40, tihe-wera (m)^38,40, tihi-kiore (f)⁸⁸, tihi-ora (m)⁸⁸, tiora (m)²⁵, tioria⁹⁶, tīoro^56,84, yellowwinged finch¹¹

Notochen bannockburnensis Bannockburn swan¹⁴⁸

Numenius hudsonicus American whimbrel⁷⁵, Hudsonian curlew⁷⁵, Hudsonian whimbrel⁷⁶

Numenius madagascariensis eastern curlew⁷⁶, Australian curlew²⁵, curlew⁵⁴, far-eastern curlew^86,87, long-billed curlew⁷⁵

Numenius minutus little whimbrel³⁶, least whimbrel¹³⁹, little curlew⁸⁹, pygmy curlew⁸⁹

Numenius phaeopus Eurasian whimbrel¹⁴¹, little curlew⁸⁹, whimbrel⁵⁴; N. p. variegatus Asiatic whimbrel⁷⁵, Australian whimbrel³⁶, eastern whimbrel⁷⁶

Numenius tahitiensis bristle-thighed curlew⁸²

Numida meleagris helmeted guineafowl⁸⁹, crowned guineafowl⁸⁹, guineafowl^17,75,89, guineahen¹¹⁶, pintado⁸⁹, tufted guineafowl^87,89

Nycticorax caledonicus nankeen night heron^20, Umu kōtuku¹³⁹, Australian night heron⁴⁵, Caledonian night-heron³, night heron^15,55, rufous night heron⁷⁶

Oceanites oceanicus Wilson’s storm petrel^25,54,92, Australian yellow-webbed storm-petrel⁴⁵, Wilson’s petrel⁸⁸, yellow-webbed storm petrel^50,55

Onychoprion anaethetus bridled tern⁹¹, brown-winged tern⁹¹

Onychoprion fuscatus sooty tern³⁴, Australian sooty tern⁴⁵, egg bird⁸⁸, whale bird⁸⁹, wideawake⁸¹, wideawake tern^59,88

Onychoprion lunatus grey-backed tern¹¹⁴, spectacled tern¹¹⁸

Oxyura vantetsi New Zealand blue-billed duck¹¹⁴, blue-billed duck⁹¹, New Zealand stiff-tailed duck¹¹²

Pachydyptes ponderosus New Zealand giant penguin⁹³, greater wide-flippered penguin⁵⁴

Pachyornis australis crested moa^93, moa koukou¹²⁶

Pachyornis elephantopus heavy-footed moa^93, moa waewae taumaha¹²⁶

Pachyornis geranoides Mantell’s moa^112, moa ruarangi¹²⁶, Mappin’s moa⁹³

Pachyptila spp. hakora³⁸, taketake³⁸, tarapunga^7,38, totorore³⁸, whiroia³⁸

Pachyptila belcheri thin-billed prion^50, korotangi⁵⁶, narrow-billed prion⁷⁵, slender-billed prion⁸⁹

Pachyptila crassirostris fulmar prion⁷⁵, cliff prion⁸⁹, fulmar-billed prion⁵⁸, thick-billed prion⁸⁹; P. c. crassirostris, Bounty Island prion⁷⁶, Bounty Islands dove-petrel⁴⁵; P. c. pyramidalis Chatham fulmar prion⁷⁵, Pyramid Rock prion⁷⁶; P. c. flemingi lesser fulmar prion⁷⁵

Pachyptila desolata Antarctic prion^75, totorore^84,116, Auckland Island prion⁷⁵, Auckland Islands’ dove-petrel⁴⁵, Banks’ dove-petrel²², Bank’s petrel⁵⁶, Banks’s dove petrel²⁰, Banks’s petrel³⁷, blue petrel⁸⁸, dove-petrel^36,37, dove prion⁵⁰, Kerguelen prion⁹¹, pekehā^8,96, South Georgian prion⁷⁵, totore¹³⁷, whalebird^17,42,75, whiroia³⁴

Pachyptila pyramidalis Pyramid prion¹⁵⁰, Chatham fulmar prion⁷⁵, Pyramid Rock prion⁷⁶, The Pyramid prion¹⁴⁴

Pachyptila salvini Salvin’s prion⁸⁹, Crozet Island prion⁷⁵, Crozet Islands prion⁸⁹, lesser broad-billed prion⁷⁵, Marion Island prion⁷⁶, medium-billed prion⁸⁹

Pachyptila turtur fairy prion^50, tītī wainui^46,56,84,96, ariel prion⁵⁶, Chatham fairy prion⁵⁸, Chatham Island dove petrel⁵¹, dove-petrel^20,32, dove prion¹¹⁶, flake-billed fairy prion⁵⁸, Gould’s dove petrel²⁵, laughing jackass¹⁷, narrow-billed prion⁶⁸, northern fairy prion⁷⁶, short-billed dove petrel³⁶, smooth-billed fairy prion⁵⁸, southern fairy prion⁷⁶, subantarctic fairy prion⁷⁶, tītī⁹⁹, totorore²⁵, whale-bird^14,17, whiroia²⁰

Pachyptila vittata broad-billed prion^50, pararā^46,84, blue billy^63,89, broad-billed dove petrel²⁰, broad-billed petrel¹², New Zealand broad-billed prion⁴⁵, parera⁴⁶, parikoko⁹⁵, pekehā^8,84, pepekehā^56,84, scooper⁸⁹, southern prion²¹, tītī⁹⁹, whalebird^12,75

Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Huxley’s penguin¹⁴¹, narrow-flippered penguin⁵⁴

Palaeeudyptes marplesi Marples’ penguin⁹³

Palaelodus aotearoa New Zealand palaelodus¹⁴¹

Passer domesticus house sparrow^35,75, tiu¹⁰², English sparrow⁸⁹, kai witi⁹⁵, manukino⁹⁵, spadger⁸⁹, sparrow¹⁷

Pavo cristatus peafowl^49,75, pīkao⁹⁶, common peafowl¹¹⁶, Indian peafowl⁸⁹, peacock (m)¹⁷, peahen (f)¹¹⁶, pīkake (m)¹¹⁶

Pelagodroma albiclunis Kermadec storm petrel⁷⁵, Kermadec Island storm petrel¹⁰⁴, Kermadec white-faced storm petrel⁷⁶

Pelagodroma marina white-faced storm petrel^20,42, takahikare⁸⁴, frigate petrel⁸⁹; P. m. dulciae Australian white-faced storm petrel⁸⁹; P. m. maoriana New Zealand white-faced storm petrel^45,76, takahikare⁸⁴, dancing dolly⁸⁹, J.C. bird⁸¹, Jesus Christ bird⁸¹, kaiwhakararu⁹⁶, Mother Carey’s bird¹¹⁶, Mother Carey’s chicken¹³⁹, skipjack⁸¹, takahikare rangi⁸⁴, takahikare raro⁸⁴, takahikare-moana^67,81,84,96, tītī⁹⁹

Pelagornis stirtoni Stirton’s pseudotoothed bird¹⁴¹, Stirton’s false-toothed pelican⁹³

?Pelagornis miocaenus Miocene pseudotoothed bird¹⁴¹, Miocene false-toothed pelican⁹³

Pelecanoides georgicus South Georgian diving petrel^54,92, South Georgia diving-petrel¹²⁸, sub-Antarctic diving-petrel¹¹⁶; P. g. whenuahouensis Whenua Hou diving petrel^133, kuaka Whenua Hou¹³³, Codfish diving-petrel¹²⁸, tītī⁹⁹

Pelecanoides miokuaka Miocene diving petrel¹¹⁴

Pelecanoides urinatrix common diving petrel^54,92, kuaka^46,126, dipchick⁸¹, diver¹³⁹, diving petrel^12,63, larger diving petrel³⁶, small diving petrel⁶⁰, smaller diving petrel³⁶, teetee¹², tītī^12,99; P. u. urinatrix northern diving petrel⁷⁵, New Zealand diving petrel⁸⁹; P. u. chathamensis southern diving petrel⁷⁵, Chatham Island diving petrel⁷⁶, Richdale’s diving petrel¹⁰⁴; P. u. exsul subantarctic diving petrel^75,81, Kerguelen diving petrel⁵⁵

Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian pelican^54, perikana^96,138, eastern Australian pelican⁴⁵, New Zealand pelican⁹¹, pelican⁵⁵, spectacled pelican⁸⁹

Petradyptes stonehousei Stonehouse’s penguin¹⁵⁰

Petrochelidon ariel fairy martin⁹¹, bottle swallow¹³⁹, cliff swallow¹³⁹, land swallow¹³⁹

Petrochelidon nigricans tree martin⁸⁹, Australian tree martin^54,81, Australian tree-swallow^20,45, tree swallow⁸¹

Petroica australis & P. longipes bush robin⁸⁹, hātoitoi^38,84, kakaruawai⁸⁸, kakaruwai³⁸, karae¹⁰², karuae³⁸, karuai⁵⁶, karuwai³⁸, kātoitoi^11,38,84, kātuhituhi⁸⁴, miromiro^6,8,11, mōioio^56,84, mokorā (f)^38,84, New Zealand robin⁵⁵, New Zealand wood robins³⁴, pie¹⁰², piere^38,102, pīhaua^8,84, pīhere^38,84, pirangirangi⁸⁸, pītoitoi^{7,9,11, 38,84}, robin^11,53, tarapō (f)^9,138, tariwai⁵⁶, taruwai⁵⁶, tātaruwai^38,84, tātāwai^{8, 56,84}, tītīketeketemanawa (call)^38,138, tītīwahanui^38,56,84, toitoireka³⁸, toroire¹⁰², totawara⁸, tōtōara^10,84, totoi⁵⁶, totoireka³⁸, tōtōrori^84,102, tōtōwai⁸⁴, tōtōwara^38,84, toutou^7,9,20, toutouai⁸, toutouwai^8,15,84, wheko-pō^56,84,138, wood robin¹⁷

Petroica australis South Island robin^20,37, kakaruai⁹⁵, alpine robin³⁶, kakariwai⁹⁵, South Island wood-robin^32,34, southern robin⁶⁶, stonechat¹¹, white-fronted thrush¹²; P. a. rakiura Stewart Island robin^75, toutouwai⁹⁹

Petroica longipes North Island robin^20, toutouwai²⁰, North Island wood robin³⁴

Petroica macrocephala tomtit^51,88, brown tit¹¹, butcherbird^81,105, hōmiromiro^38,56,84, kikitore¹⁰², kikitori⁵⁶, kōmiromiro^7,8,20,38,84, large-headed tit¹¹, large-headed tomtit^55,88, māuipōtiki^{38,56,84,96,138}, mīmiro^38,56,102, miromiro^{6,7,9,11,20,102}, mirumiru^38,56, New Zealand tit³⁴, New Zealand tomtit^55,91, ngirungiru^6,8, pīmiromiro^{25,38,102,138}, pīmirumiru^{7,9,38,56,84,138}, pīngirungiru^{25,38,56,96,138}, pipitore^56,84, pipitori^8,25,38, pīrangirangi^6,8,84,138, robin¹⁵, tāne-te-waiora^{38,56,84,88,96}, tarapō (f)^7,9,38,84, tit²³, toitoi^11,38, wheedler⁸¹; P. m. toitoi North Island tomtit^25, miromiro²⁰, mirotoitoi⁸, nirungiru¹², North Island tit⁸⁹, pied tit^17,39, pied tomtit¹⁰⁵, pitongatonga⁵⁶, to-i-toe⁶, white-breasted tit^11,34, white-breasted tomtit⁷⁶; P. m. macrocephala South Island tomtit^25,46, ngirungiru^20,34, great-headed titmouse¹², mirro mirro¹², pirau¹³⁷, piropiro³⁸, South Island tit^37,56, southern tit⁴⁶, southern tomtit¹⁰⁵, yellow breast tit²³, yellow-breasted robin²³, yellow-breasted tit^11,17, yellow-breasted tomtit⁷⁶; P. m. chathamensis Chatham Island tomtit^76, miromiro³¹, Chatham Island tit⁷⁵, Chatham Islands’ tomtit⁴⁵, yellow-breasted tit⁶⁴; P. m. dannefaerdi Snares Island tomtit^76, miromiro⁹⁹, black robin⁵⁹, black tit⁸², black tomtit²⁸, little wood robin³⁴, Snares black tit⁷⁵, Snares Island robin^36,37, Snares robin⁴², Snares tit⁸⁹, Snares tomtit¹⁰⁶; P. m. marrineri Auckland Island tomtit⁷⁶, Auckland Island tit⁷⁵, Auckland Islands’ tomtit⁴⁵

Petroica traversi black robin^50, karure¹³⁴, black wood robin³⁴, Chatham Island black robin⁸⁸, Chatham Island robin²⁰, Chatham Island tit²², Chatham Islands robin^45,55, kakaruai¹⁰¹

Phaethon lepturus white-tailed tropicbird^76,86, bo’sun bird⁸⁹, longtail¹³⁹, marlin-spike¹³⁹, white-tailed bosunbird¹³⁹, yellow-billed tropicbird^89,114

Phaethon rubricauda red-tailed tropicbird^25,55,91, amokura²⁵, bosun bird^89,118, hawe⁸, rakorakoa⁵⁶, ruddy tropic bird⁴⁵, strawtail⁸¹, tawake^84,139, western Pacific red-tailed tropic bird⁷⁶

Phalacrocorax spp. kaha⁹⁵, kahia⁹⁵, kauau^7,8, kauwau^6,10, kawau^10,14,17,96, kōau^{38,56,84,88,96}, koauteko⁹⁵, rori⁹⁵

Phalacrocorax carbo great cormorant⁸⁹, common cormorant³⁷; P. c. novaehollandiae black shag^17, māpunga^56,84,102, black cormorant³⁷, common black shag⁵⁶, cormorant¹⁷, great black shag²³, great green cormorant¹¹, great shag¹⁹, houmea⁵⁶, kaihau⁵⁶, kauau nui¹¹, kauau pango¹¹, kauau tua-whenua^11,12, kawau¹⁵, kawau-maro⁵⁶, kawau pū^56,84, kawau tuawhenua^23,56,84, koau-mapua⁹⁵, koau-pango⁹⁵, large black shag¹¹⁶, māpo⁹⁶, māpua¹⁰², matapo^84,96, matapu^40,102, New Zealand cormorant⁵⁶, papu⁴⁰, pāpua^40,84, sea shag³⁶, shag¹⁵, whitethighed cormorant¹¹

Phalacrocorax featherstoni Pitt Island shag^54, kawau o Rangihaute¹²⁶, Chatham Island cormorant⁵⁵, Chatham Island shag^20,37, Chatham Islands’ shag⁴⁵, double-crested shag⁶³, kawau o Rangiauria¹²⁶, Pitt Island cormorant⁶³, Pitt Island spotted shag⁵¹, Pitt shag⁹²

Phalacrocorax punctatus spotted shag^12, kawau tikitiki^56,84, blue shag⁵⁴, crested cormorant¹¹, crested shag²¹, flip-flap²¹, kauau pari¹¹, kawau pāteketeke^56,84, king shag³², koau tai⁹⁵, ocean shag²¹, pa-degga-degga¹², papua⁵⁶, pārekareka^38,84, pāteketeke⁸⁴, spotted cormorant⁵⁵

Phalacrocorax sulcirostris little black shag^33, kawau tūī^56,84,96, black shag³⁶, little black cormorant⁵⁵

Phalacrocorax varius pied cormorant⁵⁵; P. v. varius pied shag^12, kāruhiruhi^7,10,84, aroarotea⁸⁴, kauāu^9,11, large pied shag¹³⁹, māpunga⁹⁶, teoteo⁹⁶, yellow-faced cormorant⁸⁹

Phalaropus fulicaria grey phalarope²⁵, red phalarope⁵⁴

Phalaropus lobatus red-necked phalarope⁵⁵, northern phalarope⁵⁴

Phalaropus tricolor Wilson’s phalarope⁹¹

Phasianus colchicus common pheasant^23, peihana⁹⁶, black-necked pheasant⁸⁹, Chinese pheasant¹⁷, English pheasant¹⁷, Mongolian pheasant⁸⁹, pheasant⁷⁵, ringed pheasant⁴⁹, ring-necked pheasant⁹¹

Philesturnus spp. saddleback^17,30,45, tīeke^9,12,96, pūrourou^6,9,84, redbacked thrush¹¹, saddle bird¹⁵, tiaka¹², tiakanga¹³⁷, tiake⁶, tiaki^8,12, tīeke-rere^38,56,84, tieki⁸, tierawaki⁸, tira-ouake^6,12, tīraueke^56,84, tīrauweke^20,84, tīraweke^15,84, wattled stare³

Philesturnus carunculatus South Island saddleback^75, tīeke^6,96, jackbird (juv)^25,59, southern saddleback⁶⁹

Philesturnus rufusater North Island saddleback^75, tīeke⁹⁶, urourou³⁸

Phoebastria immutabilis Laysan albatross¹¹⁴

Phoebastria nigripes black-footed albatross⁷⁵, black-footed mollymawk⁵⁵, black gooney⁸⁹

Phoebetria fusca sooty albatross⁵⁰, Australian sooty albatross⁴⁵

Phoebetria palpebrata light-mantled sooty albatross^50, toroa pango^12,25, Cape hen¹⁷, grey-mantled albatross⁵⁵, kōputa⁹⁶, kōputu^56,84, New Zealand light-mantled sooty albatross⁴⁵, pee-arr⁸⁸, pee-oo⁸⁹, pēō¹³⁸, piew⁸⁸, pio⁸⁸, sooty albatross²⁰, torea-pango²⁰, toroa-a-ruru^56,102, toroa haunui^8,15,56, toroa ruru^56,84

Pikaihao bartlei Bartle’s bittern¹⁴¹, St Bathans bittern¹³⁹

Platalea flavipes yellow-billed spoonbill⁸⁶

Platalea regia royal spoonbill^25, kōtuku ngutupapa^25,84,96,114, black-billed spoonbill^55,139, koutuku ngutu-papa^11,12, kuru whengi⁹⁶, spoonbill¹¹

Platycercus eximius eastern rosella^54, kākā uhi whero¹²⁶, Rose-hill parakeet⁴⁹, rosella⁴⁹, roselle parakeet⁴⁹, white-cheeked rosella¹³⁹

Platydyptes amiesi Amies’ penguin⁹³

Platydyptes marplesi Simpson’s penguin¹¹⁴

Platydyptes novaezealandiae wide-flippered penguin⁹³, lesser wide-flippered penguin⁵⁴

Plegadis falcinellus glossy ibis³⁶

Pleistorallus flemingi Fleming’s rail¹¹⁴

Plotornis archaeonautes Hakataramea albatross¹⁴⁰

Pluvialis dominicus American golden plover⁹⁴

Pluvialis fulva Pacific golden plover^75, kuriri¹³⁸, Asiatic golden plover⁸¹, eastern golden plover²⁰, golden plover¹⁷, least golden plover⁸⁶, lesser golden plover⁵⁰, pakihitaki¹², spotted plover³⁴, tuturiwatu¹⁵, tuturiwhata¹², tuturuata¹²

Pluvialis squatarola grey plover⁷⁵, black-bellied plover⁸⁹, grey sandpiper¹³⁹, silver plover¹³⁹

Podiceps cristatus great crested grebe²⁰; P. c. australis Australasian crested grebe^91, pūteketeke^54,96, crested grebe¹¹, diver⁸⁸, kāha^38,84, kāmana^40,84, manapou⁴⁰, New Zealand crested grebe⁴⁵, pāteketeke^25,84, southern crested grebe^75,80, totokepio¹³⁷

Poliocephalus poliocephalus hoary-headed grebe^86, taihoropī⁹⁶, hoary-headed dabchick⁸⁹, Tom Pudding⁸⁹

Poliocephalus rufopectus New Zealand dabchick^20, weweia²⁰, dabchick¹⁷, diver⁹⁵, grebe⁵⁹, koikoipia³⁸, little grebe¹¹, New Zealand grebe¹¹⁶, red-necked grebe⁸⁸, taihoropī^25,84, taratimoho²⁵, taratitomohi³⁸, tekotekopia³⁸, tokitoki^8,38, tokitokipia³⁸, tokitokipio⁵⁶, tongitongipia³⁸, torokipia⁸⁸, totoipio⁵⁶, totokipia³⁸, totokipio¹², weiweia¹¹, whiroia⁹⁶, whirowhiro³⁸

Poodytes punctatus fernbird^25,46,59, mātātā^6,84, common utick⁸⁸, grassbird^15,17,111, grass-pheasant⁸⁸, haumata⁹⁵, koretī¹³⁸, koroātito^10,84, korowātito^8,84, kōtātā^7,9,12,84, kūkurutoki^38,84, maata⁵⁶, maataa⁹⁵, mātā^6,84,99, mataa⁹⁵, mātuhi^56,84, nako²⁰, New Zealand fernbird¹⁰⁴, ngako⁵⁶, potata¹³⁷, reed sparrow⁴⁶, reed wren¹¹, swamp-bird⁸⁸, swamp-lark²⁸, swamp sparrow¹¹¹, swamp thrush⁸⁹, tataki⁹⁵, tataki thrush⁸¹, toetoe¹², toitoi⁹⁵, tutaki⁹⁵, utick⁸⁸, wetito⁵⁶, whetito⁵⁶; P. p. vealeae North Island fernbird^45,75, koroātito⁹⁶, common utick²⁰; P. p. punctatus South Island fernbird^45,75, mātātā⁹⁶, fulvous fern-bird²⁵, fulvous utick²⁰; P. p. stewartiana Stewart Island fernbird^75, mātā⁹⁹; P. p. wilsoni Codfish Island fernbird^76, mātā⁹⁹, Codfish fernbird⁷⁵; P. p. caudatus Snares Island fernbird^45,76, mātā⁹⁹, Snares fernbird^36,59, tawny fernbird^34,111, The Snares fernbird¹¹⁶

Poodytes rufescens Chatham Island fernbird^25,50,64, Chatham Island utick²⁰, Chatham Islands fern-bird^45,53

Porphyrio hochstetteri South Island takahe^95, takahē^10,84, Mantell’s notornis²⁰, moho^8,9, moho keo^38,84, moho rākau^56,84, moho rangi^56,84, notornis¹¹, pass bird⁸⁹, takahea¹⁵, tokohea²⁰

Porphyrio mantelli North Island takahe^91, moho^9,15,84, extinct takahe⁵⁴, mohoau¹³⁹

Porphyrio porphyrio pūkeko^6,9, pukeko⁶, Australasian swamphen¹³⁹, Australian swamphen¹⁰⁴, Chatham Island pukeko⁶⁴, Chatham Island swamp hen⁵¹, Chatham Islands’ swamp-hen⁴⁵, eastern swamp-hen⁵⁵, moorhen¹¹, old swampie⁸⁷, pakaki⁴⁷, pākura^7,9, pook⁸¹, pukaki⁸¹, puke⁸⁹, purple gallinule⁸⁸, purple swamphen⁹¹, rauhara¹⁰, southwest Pacific swamphen^114,118, swamphen^15,20,91, tangata-tawhito^56,84

Porzana fluminea Australian crake⁹⁴, Australian spotted crake⁸²

Priscaweka parvales Bannockburn crake¹⁴¹

Proapteryx micromeros St Bathans kiwi¹⁴¹

Procellaria aequinoctialis white-chinned petrel^34, karetai kauae mā¹²⁶, Cape hen⁵⁵, New Zealand white-chinned petrel⁴⁵, oi¹², shoemaker⁷⁶, stink-pot⁴², stink-pot petrel³⁶, storm petrel¹¹, takupu¹²

Procellaria altirostris deep-billed petrel¹⁴¹

Procellaria cinerea grey petrel^36, kuia²⁵, black-tailed petrel¹³⁹, black-tailed shearwater¹³⁹, brown petrel¹⁷, great grey shearwater⁸⁸, hākuikui^56,84, night-hawk⁸⁸, pediunker⁷⁵

Procellaria parkinsoni black petrel^20, tāiko^9,12,84, black fulmar⁹², brown petrel⁸⁸, karetai⁵⁶, kuia²⁵, kuihi⁹⁶, night demon⁸⁸, Parkinson’s petrel⁶², ruru-tāiko^56,84, tākoketai^124,129, taonui⁴¹, toanui^17,34, tuanui⁹⁶

Procellaria westlandica Westland petrel^91, tāiko^116,138, tītī⁹⁹, Westland black petrel⁷⁵, Westland shoemaker⁷⁶

Procelsterna cerulea blue-grey noddy⁸⁹; P. c. albivitta grey noddy²⁶, blue-billy⁸⁹, grey ternlet⁷⁵, little blue petrel⁸⁹, little grey noddy⁴⁵, little grey tern⁵⁵, little noddy²⁵

Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae tūī^5,9,84, tui⁶, Auckland Islands’ tui⁴⁵, kogo¹, kōkō^7,84, kōkōtaua (m)^56,84, kōkōtea (f)^40,56, kōkōuri (m)^40,84, kopureha⁵⁶, kōpūrehe (m)^40,84, kouwha (f)⁴⁰, kukari (ch)³⁸, mocking bird¹¹, New Zealand creeper¹, North Island tui⁴⁵, parson bird^11,32,101, pi (ch)^8,10, pikari (ch)¹⁰, pikōkō^7,9, pi-tui (ch)^20,61, poe⁶, poë-bee-eater⁴, poe bird^1,88, poë-honey-eater⁴, poey bird¹⁰³, pōhe¹², pureke (juv)¹⁰, rōghee etooee¹², South Island tui⁴⁵, tākaha (m)^38,84, teoteo (f)³⁸, toi⁶, toui¹², tui-koko^11,15, tui-teoteo (f)⁵⁶, tute (m)³⁸; P. n. chathamensis Chatham Island tui^64, kōkō^31,101

Protodontopteryx ruthae Ruth’s pseudotoothed bird¹⁴¹

Prunella modularis dunnock⁷⁵, British hedge sparrow⁷⁵, hedge accentor^42,116, hedge sparrow^23,42,86, hedgie⁸¹

Pseudobulweria rostrata Tahiti petrel⁹¹

Pterodroma alba Phoenix petrel⁷⁵, Christmas Island petrel⁷⁶, Pacific petrel⁵⁰, Phoenix Island petrel⁵⁴, short-billed petrel⁵⁵, small-billed petrel⁶⁰, white-bellied petrel⁵⁵

Pterodroma axillaris Chatham petrel^91, ranguru⁷⁶, Chatham Island petrel³⁴, Chatham Islands’ blue-footed petrel⁴⁵, Chatham Islands petrel¹¹⁸, karetai⁹⁶, Salvin’s petrel³⁶

Pterodroma brevipes collared petrel¹⁴¹, magnificent petrel¹³⁹

Pterodroma cervicalis white-naped petrel⁸⁶, black-capped petrel³⁴, Salvin’s capped petrel³⁷, Sunday Island petrel³⁶, white-necked petrel⁹²

Pterodroma cookii Cook’s petrel^20,54, blue-footed petrel⁴⁵, e-titi¹², tītī^6,9,84, white-winged petrel;⁵⁰ Pt. c. cookii northern Cook’s petrel¹⁴¹; Pt. c. orientalis southern Cook’s petrel¹⁴¹

Pterodroma externa Juan Fernandez petrel⁸⁶, white-necked petrel⁸⁹

Pterodroma gouldi grey-faced petrel^17, ōi^38,84, Gould’s petrel⁸⁸, gray-faced petrel¹²⁸, great-winged petrel⁵⁵, grey-headed petrel¹⁰⁶, kuia (juv)⁷⁸, long-winged petrel²⁰, muttonbird⁸⁹, New Zealand grey-faced petrel⁴⁵, New Zealand mutton bird⁵⁶, northern muttonbird⁹⁷, ohi⁸⁸, oii²⁵, sooty petrel⁸⁸, titi⁷⁸

Pterodroma heraldica Herald petrel¹⁴¹

Pterodroma imberi Imber’s petrel¹⁴¹

Pterodroma inexpectata mottled petrel^25, kōrure^76,102, Dawson’s petrel⁵², karae⁹⁵, korari⁵⁴, laughing petrel²⁵, mottled fulmar⁴², pakahā⁹⁶, Peale’s petrel⁸⁹, rainbird^34,54, scaled petrel⁸⁸, tītī^89,99

Pterodroma lessonii white-headed petrel¹⁷, eastern white-headed petrel⁴⁵

Pterodroma leucoptera Gould’s petrel⁸¹, Gould petrel⁷⁵, sooty-capped petrel¹³⁹, white-throated petrel¹³⁹, white-winged fulmar¹³⁹, white-winged petrel¹³⁹; Pt. l. caledonica New Caledonian petrel⁸⁹

Pterodroma longirostris Stejneger’s petrel⁸¹

Pterodroma magentae Chatham Island taiko^82, tāiko^87,139, Chatham Islands taiko¹¹⁸, Chatham taiko¹⁰⁷, Magenta petrel⁵⁸, tchaik⁸⁹

Pterodroma mollis soft-plumaged petrel²⁵

Pterodroma neglecta Kermadec petrel^50, pia koia⁸⁸, doubtful petrel²⁵, karetai Rangitahua¹²⁶, Kermadec Island mutton bird³⁴, Kermadec Islands’ petrel⁴⁵, Kermadec muttonbird⁸⁸, Kermadec petrel “summer”⁵⁰, Kermadec petrel “winter”⁵⁰, neglected petrel⁵⁸, Phillip’s fulmar⁸⁸, Schlegel’s petrel³⁶, summer surface mutton bird⁸⁸, winter petrel⁵⁹

Pterodroma nigripennis black-winged petrel^37, karetai kapa mangu¹²⁶, Kermadec blue-footed petrel⁴⁵, Rothschild’s petrel³⁶

Pterodroma pycrofti Pycroft’s petrel^54,75

Pterodroma solandri providence petrel⁹¹, big-hill muttonbird⁸⁹, bird of providence⁷⁵, brown-headed petrel⁸⁹, Mount Pitt bird¹³⁹, Phillips’ petrel³⁶, Solander’s petrel⁸⁹

Ptilinopus regina rose-crowned fruit-dove¹⁴¹, pink-capped fruit-dove¹³⁹, red-crowned fruit-dove¹¹⁴, Swainson’s fruit-dove¹³⁹

Puffinus spp. hakoakoa⁸, hakuakua³⁸, titi-wahine⁹⁵

Puffinus assimilis little shearwater^55, totorore⁵⁴, allied shearwater²⁵, mutton-bird^12,15, small shearwater²⁶, whistler⁸⁹, titi¹⁵; P. a. assimilis Norfolk Island little shearwater⁸², allied petrel⁴⁵, Norfolk Island allied shearwater⁷⁵; P. a. kermadecensis Kermadec little shearwater⁸², allied petrel⁴⁵, Kermadec allied shearwater⁷⁵, Kermadec Island little shearwater¹⁰⁴; P. a. haurakiensis North Island little shearwater⁸², New Zealand allied shearwater⁷⁶, New Zealand little shearwater¹⁰⁷, North Island allied shearwater⁷⁵

Puffinus elegans subantarctic little shearwater⁸², allied shearwater⁵⁴, Chatham Island allied shearwater⁷⁶, Chatham Islands’ allied petrel⁴⁵, Giglioli’s shearwater⁸⁸, subantarctic allied shearwater⁷⁵, subantarctic shearwater¹²⁸, Tristan shearwater⁸⁸

Puffinus gavia fluttering shearwater^54, pakahā^38,84, brown-backed petrel⁴⁵, brown-beaked shearwater⁹², flutterer¹³⁹, Forster’s petrel⁹², Forster’s shearwater²⁰, hākoakoa^9,14,84, hākuakua⁸⁴, laughing jackass¹⁷, New Zealand allied petrel⁴⁵, pakahaa²⁵, rainbird^17,25, shearwater¹⁷, takaha⁵⁶, wet-bird¹⁷

Puffinus huttoni Hutton’s shearwater^75,76, Kaikōura tītī¹²⁰, muttonbird⁸⁹, pakahā^89,116, Snares brown-backed petrel⁴⁵, tītī^89,99

Puffinus nativitatis Christmas Island shearwater⁸⁶, black shearwater⁸⁹, Christmas shearwater⁸⁷, Kiritimati shearwater¹³⁹

Puffinus newelli Newell’s shearwater¹¹⁴, black-vented shearwater¹³⁹

Puffinus puffinus Manx shearwater⁸⁶, common shearwater⁸⁹

Puffinus spelaeus Scarlett’s shearwater^104, ōiruki¹²⁶

Pygoscelis adeliae Adelie penguin⁷⁶

Pygoscelis antarctica chinstrap penguin⁸², bearded penguin⁸⁹, ringed penguin⁸⁹

Pygoscelis papua gentoo penguin⁷⁵, jackass penguin⁸⁸, Johnny⁸⁹, Johnny penguin⁸⁹, rock-hopper^25,34,88; P. p. papua northern gentoo penguin⁹¹

Pygoscelis tyreei Tyree’s penguin⁹³

Recurvirostra novaehollandiae red-necked avocet^20, piwari¹¹, Australian avocet⁷⁵, Australian red-necked avocet⁹¹, avocet¹¹, cobbler¹³⁹, cobbler’s awl¹³⁹, eastern red-necked avocet⁴⁵, painted lady¹³⁹, red-necked stilt⁸⁸, scooper¹³⁹, trumpeter¹³⁹, yelper¹³⁹

Rhipidura fuliginosa New Zealand fantail^55, pīwakawaka^6,8,9,84, black fantail¹⁷, black flycatcher¹³, diggowaghwagh¹², fantail¹⁵, fan-tailed flycatcher^2,11, grey fantail⁹¹, hee-waka-waka¹², hinai⁸⁸, hīrairaka^38,84, hītakataka^38,84, hīwai^56,84, hīwaiwaka^38,84, hīwakawaka^7,9,12, kōtiutiu^56,84, pied fantail¹⁷, pied fantail-flycatcher³⁷, pied flycatcher²³, pi-oua-ka-oua-ka¹², pīrairaka^25,84, pīrakaraka^38,96, pīrangirangi^56,84, pītakataka^25,84, pīwaiwaka^20,84, sooty fantail-flycatcher³⁷, tewakawaka^8,12, tīaiaka^38,102, tīaka⁸⁴, tīakaaka^38,84, tieaka³⁸, tīrairaka^25,84, tīrairaka pango (black morph)¹³⁸, tīrakaraka^8,10,84, tiraueka⁵⁶, tīraueke⁹⁶, tīraureka^38,84, tītaiwaka^95,127, tītakataka^38,84, tītīrairaka^38,84, titiwaiko¹¹, tiwaewaka⁸, tiwaikawaka²³, tīwaiwaka^15,84, tīwakawaka^11,17,84, wakawaka⁵⁶; R. f. placabilis North Island fantail⁷⁵, North Island pied fantail⁴⁵; R. f. fuliginosa South Island fantail⁷⁵, South Island pied fantail⁴⁵; R. f. penita Chatham Island fantail^75, tchitake³¹, Chatham fantail⁶⁴, Chatham Island pied fantail⁷⁶, Chatham Islands’ pied fantail⁷⁶

Rhipidura leucophrys willie wagtail¹¹⁴, black-and-white fantail¹³⁹, black-and-white flycatcher¹³⁹, fantail flycatcher¹³⁹, pied fantail¹³⁹, shepherd’s companion¹³⁹, water wagtail¹³⁹, white-browed fantail¹³⁹

Rostratula benghalensis painted snipe⁹¹, Australian painted snipe¹³⁹

Rupephaps taketake St Bathans pigeon¹¹⁴

Scythrops novaehollandiae channel-billed cuckoo⁷⁵, channel-bill⁷⁶, flood bird⁸⁹, flying walking-stick¹³⁹, storm bird⁸⁹

Sequiwaimanu rosieae Rosie’s penguin¹⁴¹

Spatula clypeata northern shoveler⁸²

Spatula rhynchotis Australasian shoveler^91, kuruwhengi^20,96, hoho⁹⁵, kāhoho^20,84, kukupaki¹², kūkuruwhetū^56,84,102, kukuruwhitu⁹⁵, kuruengo⁸, kuruhenga¹⁰², kuruwhengu²⁵, kuruwhetu¹³⁷, New Zealand shoveler⁷⁵, New Zealand shoveller²⁰, papaungūngu¹⁰², papaunguungu^25,56, pāteke^25,84, paungu-ungu⁸⁸, pakau-kuku¹¹, pikau-kuku¹², pūtaitai^20,84, rangi-tauharuru^11,12, shoveler²³, shoveler duck⁵⁶, shoveller¹¹, shoveller duck³⁰, spoonbill^15,56, spoonbill duck^20,61, spoonie⁸¹, tataa⁹⁵, tētē^15,84, wetawetangū^20,84, whetawetangu⁸⁸

Stercorarius antarctica southern skua^20,88, great skua^50,98, southern great skua⁸⁶; C. a. lonnbergi subantarctic skua^89, hākoakoa^9,56,76,84, Antarctic great skua⁷⁹, Antarctic skua¹¹⁶, bonxie⁸⁸, brown skua⁸⁹, dark southern skua⁵⁵, hakaokao³⁸, hakoko⁵⁶, hākuakua^38,56,84, New Zealand great skua⁴⁵, plundering gull⁸⁸, pohio^84,95, raptorial gull⁵, sea-hawk^34,42,59,88, sea hen^15,17, skua gull²⁸, southern skua gull⁷⁴

Stercorarius longicaudus long-tailed skua⁸², long-tailed jaeger⁸⁹

Stercorarius maccormicki South Polar skua⁴⁵, Antarctic skua⁵⁴, MacCormick’s skua³⁶, McCormick’s skua⁸⁹

Stercorarius parasiticus Arctic skua⁴⁵, Arctic jaeger⁹⁸, Buffon’s skua²⁰, parasitic jaeger⁵⁴, parasitic skua¹¹⁶, Richardson’s skua²⁵, Richardson’s skua gull³³, skua gull¹⁷

Stercorarius pomarinus pomarine skua⁷⁵, pomarine jaeger⁷⁶, pomatorhine skua⁸⁹

Sterna hirundo common tern⁹¹; S. h. longipennis eastern common tern⁹¹

Sterna paradisaea Arctic tern⁵⁴

Sterna striata white-fronted tern^20, tara^7,8,9,17, Auckland Islands white-fronted tern⁴⁵, barracouta bird^88,95, black-billed tern⁹⁸, blackcap^81,89, black-legged tern¹¹, grenadier⁸¹, kahawai bird⁸¹, New Zealand white-fronted tern⁴⁵, noddy⁸¹, sea-swallow^17,20, southern tern⁹⁸, southern white-fronted tern¹²³, swallowtail⁸¹, tara iti⁹⁶, tara kakao⁹⁶, tara nui¹¹, tara pirohe⁹⁵, tikkitak⁸¹, whale bird²³, whitefront tern⁹⁵

Sterna sumatrana black-naped tern¹⁴⁹

Sterna vittata Antarctic tern⁷², southern tern³⁶, subantarctic tern^50,53,54, swallow-tailed tern³⁴; S. v. bethunei New Zealand Antarctic tern⁹¹, Bethune’s tern³⁶, New Zealand subantarctic tern⁴⁵

Sternula albifrons little tern⁸¹, black-lored tern⁸⁹, sea-swallow⁸⁹, white-shafted ternlet⁸⁹; S. a. sinensis eastern little tern^82, tara teo^96,138, Asiatic little tern⁸⁹, tara iti¹³⁸, tara teoteo^56,138

Sternula nereis fairy tern⁵⁰; S. n. davisae New Zealand fairy tern^45, tara iti^20,38,84, little tern¹¹, little white tern²⁰, tara paku¹¹, tara-teo^56,84, tara-teoteo^56,84, tara-titi⁶¹

Streptopelia chinensis spotted dove⁸¹, Chinese dove¹³⁹, Indian spotted dove⁷⁶, laceneck⁸¹, laceneck dove⁸⁹, Malay spotted dove⁷⁵, pearl-necked dove¹³⁹, spotted-necked dove⁸¹, spotted turtledove^89,97, turtle dove⁸¹

Streptopelia risoria Barbary dove⁸⁶, African collared dove¹¹⁶, African ring-necked dove¹³⁹, domestic collared dove⁸⁹, Java dove⁸⁹, ring dove¹⁷, ring-neck dove¹¹⁶, ringed turtle dove⁸⁹

Strigops habroptilus kākāpō^8,84, kakapo⁸, great night parrot¹¹, ground parrot^15,20, kākātarapō^7,9,38,84, night parrot¹³, North Island kakapo⁴⁵, owl parrot^20,97, South Island kakapo⁴⁵, tarapō^7,8,9,84, tarepō^10,84, tātarapō^56,84, tātarapū⁹⁶

Sturnus vulgaris common starling^54, tāringi¹⁰², European starling¹³⁹, starling¹⁷

Sula dactylatra masked booby⁷⁵, blue-faced booby⁵⁴, masked gannet²⁷, Tasman booby¹¹⁸, whistling booby⁸⁹, white booby⁸⁹

Sula leucogaster brown booby⁵⁴, Brewster’s booby⁸⁹, brown gannet³⁶, common booby⁸⁹, white-bellied booby⁸⁹

Sula sula red-footed booby¹⁴¹, red-legged gannet¹⁷; S. s. rubripes Indo-Pacific red-footed booby¹⁴¹; S. s. websteri eastern Pacific red-footed booby¹⁴¹

Tachybaptus novaehollandiae eastern little grebe⁹¹, little grebe¹¹⁶, tricolored grebe¹¹⁶; T. n. novaehollandiae Australasian little grebe^82, tokitokipio⁹⁶, Australasian grebe⁹², Australian dabchick⁸⁹, Australian grebe¹³⁹, Australian little grebe⁸⁹, black-throated grebe⁸⁹

Tadorna tadornoides chestnut-breasted shelduck⁷⁶, Australian shelduck⁸⁹, chestnut shelduck¹³⁹, chestnut-coloured shelduck¹³⁹, grunter¹³⁹, mountain duck⁸⁹, mountain shelduck¹³⁹

Tadorna variegata paradise shelduck^86, pūtangitangi^6,8,84, New Zealand sheldrake²⁰, painted duck⁸⁸, paradise duck^6,55, pari⁸⁹, parrie¹¹⁶, pooa dugghie dugghie¹², pūpūtangi-ā-tama^38,84, pūpūtangi-ā-toa^38,84, pūtakitaki^12,84, putangetangi¹⁵, putangitange¹⁶, pūtangitangi-ā-tama^9,38,84,102, pūtangitangi-ā-toa^9,38,84,102, pututangiatama⁸, Rangitata goose⁸¹, sheldrake³⁰, variegated goose¹²

Tereingaornis moisleyi Moisley’s penguin⁹³

Thalassarche spp. toroa^9,38, toroa teoteo⁸⁴, totoria⁹⁵

Thalassarche bulleri Buller’s albatross^36, toroa¹¹⁶, Buller’s mollymawk^54,75, white-capped mollymawk³⁴; T. b. bulleri southern Buller’s albatross^104, toroa¹⁴¹, Snares Island mollymawk⁴⁵, southern Buller’s mollymawk⁸⁹; T. b. platei northern Buller’s albatross¹⁰⁴, Chatham Island Buller’s mollymawk⁸⁵, hopo (ch)¹⁰⁹, northern Buller’s mollymawk⁸⁹, Pacific albatross¹⁰⁶, Pacific mollymawk¹⁰⁹

Thalassarche carteri Indian Ocean yellow-nosed albatross¹¹⁴, Carter’s mollymawk¹³⁹, east Australian yellow-nosed mollymawk⁴⁵, eastern yellow-nosed mollymawk¹²³, Indian Ocean yellow-nosed mollymawk¹¹⁶, Indian yellow-nosed albatross¹⁰⁶, Indian yellow-nosed mollymawk¹⁰⁹, yellow-nosed albatross²⁰, yellow-nosed mollymawk³⁴

Thalassarche cauta white-capped albatross^104,104, toroa¹¹⁶, Bounty Island mollymawk⁵⁰, Layard’s albatross³⁷, shy albatross²⁵, shy mollymawk⁶¹, white-capped mollymawk⁵⁴; T. c. cauta Tasmanian albatross¹¹⁴, shy albatross¹¹⁶, Tasmanian mollymawk¹¹⁶, Tasmanian shy albatross¹²⁸; T. c. steadi New Zealand white-capped albatross¹¹⁴, Auckland shy albatross¹²⁸, New Zealand shy mollymawk⁹¹, New Zealand white-capped mollymawk⁹¹

Thalassarche chlororhynchos Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross¹¹⁴, Atlantic yellow-nosed mollymawk⁹¹, western yellow-nosed albatross¹³⁹, western yellow-nosed mollymawk¹³⁹, yellow-nosed albatross⁹², yellow-nosed mollymawk⁹¹

Thalassarche chrysostoma grey-headed albatross^20, toroa¹¹⁶, Campbell Island flat-billed mollymawk⁴⁵, flat-billed mollymawk⁵⁰, grey-headed mollymawk³⁴

Thalassarche eremita Chatham Island albatross^104, toroa¹⁰¹, Chatham albatross¹⁰⁶, Chatham Island mollymawk⁵⁴, Chatham Islands mollymawk¹¹⁸, Chatham mollymawk¹¹⁶, hopo (ch)¹⁰¹

Thalassarche impavida Campbell black-browed albatross^114, toroa²⁵, Australian black-browed mollymawk⁴⁵, black-browed mollymawk⁵⁰, black-eyebrowed albatross²⁰, Campbell albatross¹⁰⁶, Campbell black-browed mollymawk¹³⁹, Campbell Island albatross¹⁰⁴, Campbell Island mollymawk¹¹⁶, Campbell Islands albatross¹¹⁸, Campbell Islands mollymawk¹¹⁸, Campbell mollymawk¹³⁹, common mollymawk⁴², mollymawk^17,34, New Zealand black-browed mollymawk⁷⁵, torea²⁰, yellow-billed mollymawk⁵⁹

Thalassarche melanophris black-browed albatross^37, toroa⁸⁴, black-browed mollymawk⁷⁵, king gannet¹³⁹

Thalassarche salvini Salvin’s albatross^36, toroa¹¹⁶, Bounty Island mollymawk⁴⁵, grey-backed mollymawk³⁴, Salvin’s mollymawk⁷⁵, shy albatross³⁷, white-capped albatross⁶², white-capped mollymawk⁵⁴

Thalasseus bergii crested tern⁵⁰, Fijian crested tern⁴⁵, great crested tern¹³⁹, greater crested tern⁸⁹, swift tern⁸⁹, yellow-billed tern¹³⁹

Thalassoica antarctica Antarctic petrel²⁵

Threskiornis molucca white ibis⁸⁹, Australian white ibis⁵⁴

Threskiornis spinicollis straw-necked ibis¹¹⁸

Todiramphus sanctus sacred kingfisher⁵⁴; T. s. vagans New Zealand kingfisher^20, kōtare^8,84, ghotarre¹², kingfisher^11,14, kōkare^56,102, kōtarepopo^{6,12,38,84,96}, kōtaretare^7,8,9, kotaritari⁶, kotoretaro¹², native kingfisher³⁵, New Zealand sacred kingfisher⁷⁶, North Island kingfisher⁴⁵, South Island kingfisher⁴⁵, warehenga³⁸

Traversia lyalli Lyall’s wren¹⁰⁴, Lyall’s rockwren¹¹⁷, rock wren¹¹⁰, Stephen Island wren⁵⁰, Stephens Island rockwren¹³⁰, Stephens Island wren^34,55,91

Tribonyx hodgenorum Hodgens’ waterhen¹⁰⁴, Hodgen’s rail⁹¹, New Zealand gallinule⁷⁶

Tribonyx ventralis black-tailed native-hen^81,91, black-tailed waterhen^50,139, gallinule¹³⁹, swamphen¹³⁹, turbo-chicken¹³⁹, waterhen¹³⁹

Tringa brevipes grey-tailed tattler⁷⁵, ashen tringine sandpiper¹³⁹, grey sandpiper¹³⁹, grey-rumped sandpiper⁸⁷, grey-rumped tattler⁷⁶, Siberian tattler⁸¹

Tringa flavipes lesser yellowlegs⁸², yellowshank⁸⁹

Tringa incana wandering tattler⁵⁴, Alaskan tattler⁸¹, American grey-rumped sandpiper⁸⁹, American tattler⁸⁹, grey sandpiper²⁵

Tringa nebularia common greenshank⁹⁷, greenshank³⁶

Tringa stagnatilis marsh sandpiper⁸¹, little greenshank⁸¹

Turdus merula Eurasian blackbird^114, manu pango⁹⁶, blackbird^17,23, common blackbird¹¹¹, merle²³

Turdus philomelos song thrush^17,37, manu-kai-hua-rakau⁹⁵, English thrush⁴⁶, mavis⁸⁹, piopio¹²⁶, thrush²³

Turnagra capensis & Turnagra tanagra, kakaroeo⁸⁸, keropia^12,88, koho eou^12,88, korohea^20,38, korokio⁵⁶, koropio^11,25, native thrush^17,71, New Zealand native thrush¹¹¹, New Zealand thrush⁸¹, piopio^{6,7,8,9,12,17}, piopio-kata^126,139, thrush^11,15, tiotio^8,56, tiotio-kata¹³⁹, tiutiu^7,8,9,56,84, tiutiukata^20,38

Turnagra capensis South Island piopio^76, piopio⁸, golobieo¹², kakaroeo¹², korowhio⁹⁵, South Island thrush^20,37, thick-billed thrush¹²; T. c. minor Stephens Island piopio¹¹⁴

Turnagra tanagra North Island piopio^76, piopio^7,10, korowhea⁶¹, North Island thrush²⁰

Tyto alba barn owl⁷⁶; T. a. delicatula Australian barn owl⁷⁵, delicate owl⁸⁹, eastern barn owl¹¹⁶, lesser masked owl⁸⁹, screech owl⁸¹, white owl⁸¹

Vanellus miles masked lapwing⁹⁴, Australian masked plover²⁵, masked plover⁹¹; V. m. novaehollandiae spur-winged plover⁴⁵, spur-wing¹³⁹

Waimanu manneringi Mannering’s penguin¹¹⁴

Xenicus gilviventris rock wren^17,20, pīwauwau¹¹⁶, alpine rock wren^108,117, alpine wren⁴⁵, Fiordland rock wren⁷⁶, hurupounamu¹⁰², mātuhi¹¹⁶, mātuhituhi¹³⁸, mātuitui¹⁰², mountain wren¹⁵, New Zealand rock wren^107,117, northern rock wren¹²³, rock wren “northern”¹²³, rock wren “southern”¹²³, South Island wren¹¹³, southern rock wren¹²³, tuke¹¹⁶

Xenicus jagmi North Island stout-legged wren⁹¹, Grant-Mackie’s wren⁹³, stout-legged wren¹⁰⁴

Xenicus longipes bush wren^20,50,117, mātuhituhi^20,84, e-tecte tee pomou¹², green wren¹⁷, heno⁹⁵, hino⁹⁵, hurupounamu^20,56, kakaruai¹¹, kōtipatipa⁹⁶, long-legged warbler¹², longlegged wren¹¹, mātuhi^38,112, mātuitui¹⁰², mirō-mirō¹², momotawai⁴⁰, New Zealand bush wren¹⁰⁷, pīwauwau^20,84, puano²⁵, rifleman¹⁷, rock wren¹⁷, stripe-faced wren¹⁷, toirua⁴⁰, Tom Thumb bird⁸¹, white-legged wren⁸⁸, wren¹⁵; X. l. stokesii North Island bush wren^45, matuhitui¹⁵, North Island wren³⁶; X. l. longipes South Island bush wren⁴⁵; X. l. variabilis Stead’s bush wren⁷⁵, Stewart Island bush wren⁷⁶

Xenicus yaldwyni South Island stout-legged wren⁹¹, stout-legged wren¹⁰⁴, Yaldwyn’s wren⁹³

Xenus cinereus Terek sandpiper⁷⁵, avocet sandpiper⁸⁹

Zapornia pusilla Baillon’s crake⁹⁴, Baillon’s rail¹¹⁸; P. p. affinis marsh crake^54, kotoreke³⁸, kāreke^38,84, koikoiareke⁵⁶, koitareke²⁰, koitareki¹⁵, kōkōreke^7,9,38,84, koreke³⁸, kōriki⁸⁴, little crake⁵⁵, marsh rail^25,34, moho katatai¹¹, moho patatai¹², patatai¹⁰, popotai¹⁰, spotted rail¹⁷, swamp-crake³², swamp rail¹⁵, tāreke⁸⁴, toitoi⁹⁵, water crake^20,88

Zapornia tabuensis spotless crake^54, pūweto^7,9,41, black rail¹⁵, blue rail¹⁷, kueto⁵⁶, kuiato⁵⁶, kūweto^8,9,38, mehotatai¹², moakerua⁸, moakoru⁸, moho^9,10, moho pereru¹¹, moho periru¹⁰, motarua¹⁰, Polynesian rail⁵⁹, pūeto^20,84, pūetoeto^8,9,84, puheto⁵⁶, puketo⁸⁸, pūtoto^15,84, pūwetoweto^38,84, puwheto⁵⁶, slate-colored rail¹³, sooty rail⁸¹, spotless rail⁶¹, swamp crake^20,30, swamp rail^25,34, Tabuan rail¹², tītitipō^56,84, totoriwai¹⁰

Zealandornis relictus Zealandian false-colie¹⁵⁰

Zosterops lateralis silvereye^20,45,54, tauhou^15,34,84, blightbird^15,17,56, blightie⁸¹, chestnut flanked white-eye¹¹⁶, gold-eye⁴⁹, grey-breasted silver-eye⁵⁵, hiraka²⁵, iringatau²⁰, kanohi mōwhiti^15,20,96,138, kanohi-mowhitiwhiti⁵⁶, karu-hiriwha²⁰, karu-patene²⁰, karu-ringi²⁵, mōtengitengi⁸⁴, motingitingi^8,25, mowhiti⁵⁶, mowhitiwhiti⁵⁶, notingitingi³⁸, pihipihi^7,9,38, pīkaraihe⁸⁴, poporehe¹⁰², poporohe²⁰, ring-eye^56,95, stranger⁸⁸, tauhau¹⁵, titiri pounamu⁹⁵, twinkie⁴⁹, waxeye^17,44,46, whiorangi²⁵, white-eye^14,17

References
¹J. Latham 1782, ²J. Latham 1783, ³J. Latham 1785, ⁴Jennings 1828, ⁵McCormick 1842, ⁶J.E. Gray 1843, ⁷W. Williams 1844, ⁸R. Taylor 1848, ⁹W. Williams 1852, ¹⁰R. Taylor 1855, ¹¹Ellman 1861, ¹²G.R. Gray 1862, ¹³Buller 1869a, ¹⁴F. Hutton 1869, ¹⁵Anon. 1870, ¹⁶R. Taylor [1870], ¹⁷F. Hutton 1871, ¹⁸Potts 1872b, ¹⁹Potts 1872c, ²⁰Buller 1872–73, ²¹Potts 1873, ²²Buller 1875b, ²³Potts 1882, ²⁴Reischek 1885, ²⁵Buller 1887–88, ²⁶Cheeseman 1888b, ²⁷Cheeseman 1889, ²⁸Reischek 1889, ²⁹ Deighton 1889, ³⁰W. Smith 1889, ³¹A. Shand 1895, ³²Handly 1896, ³³Pycroft 1899, ³⁴F. Hutton & Drummond 1904, ³⁵Fulton 1904, ³⁶Buller 1905–06, ³⁷Ogilvie-Grant 1905, ³⁸H.W. Williams 1906, ³⁹J. McLean 1907, ⁴⁰E. Best 1909, ⁴¹F. Hutton & Drummond 1909, ⁴²Waite 1909, ⁴³Fulton 1910, ⁴⁴Guthrie-Smith 1910, ⁴⁵Mathews & Iredale 1913, ⁴⁶Guthrie-Smith 1914, ⁴⁷Anon. 1917, ⁴⁸Guthrie-Smith 1921, ⁴⁹Thomson 1922, ⁵⁰Oliver 1923, ⁵¹Archey & Lindsay 1924, ⁵²Guthrie-Smith 1925, ⁵³Mathews 1930b, ⁵⁴Oliver 1930, ⁵⁵Mathews 1931, ⁵⁶J. Walker [1931], ⁵⁷Mathews 1933,⁵⁸Mathews 1934b, ⁵⁹Guthrie-Smith 1936, ⁶⁰Mathews 1936b, ⁶¹Moncrieff 1936, ⁶²R. Murphy 1936, ⁶³Fleming 1939a, ⁶⁴Fleming 1939b, ⁶⁵Richdale 1941, ⁶⁶Richdale [1942], ⁶⁷Richdale 1943, ⁶⁸Richdale 1944, ⁶⁹Richdale [1945], ⁷⁰Richdale [1948], ⁷¹Richdale [1949], ⁷²Richdale [1950], ⁷³Buddle 1951, ⁷⁴Sorensen 1951, ⁷⁵Checklist Committee 1953, ⁷⁶Oliver 1955, ⁷⁷H.W. Williams 1957, ⁷⁸Phillipps 1958, ⁷⁹Westerskov 1960, ⁸⁰Bailey & Sorensen 1962, ⁸¹Falla et al. 1966, ⁸²Checklist Committee 1970, ⁸³Falla et al. 1970, ⁸⁴H.W. Williams 1971, ⁸⁵Soper 1976, ⁸⁶Checklist Committee 1980, ⁸⁷Falla et al. 1981, ⁸⁸Fleming 1982, ⁸⁹C. Robertson 1985, ⁹⁰Holdaway 1989, ⁹¹Checklist Committee 1990, ⁹²Marchant & Higgins 1990, ⁹³B. Gill & Martinson 1991, ⁹⁴Marchant & Higgins 1993, ⁹⁵Beattie 1994, ⁹⁶Ryan 1995, ⁹⁷Heather & Robertson 1996, ⁹⁸Higgins & Davies 1996, ⁹⁹Ngāi Tahu 1998, ¹⁰⁰Higgins 1999, ¹⁰¹Department of Conservation 1999, ¹⁰²A. Crowe 2001, ¹⁰³Higgins et al. 2001, ¹⁰⁴Holdaway et al. 2001, ¹⁰⁵Higgins & Peter 2002, ¹⁰⁶Shirihai 2002, ¹⁰⁷Worthy & Holdaway 2002, ¹⁰⁸Dickinson 2003, ¹⁰⁹Aikman & Miskelly 2004, ¹¹⁰Medway 2004d, ¹¹¹Higgins et al. 2006, ¹¹²Tennyson & Martinson 2006, ¹¹³BirdLife International 2007, ¹¹⁴Checklist Committee 2010, ¹¹⁵Ewen et al. 2013, ¹¹⁶Scofield & Stephenson 2013, ¹¹⁷Dickinson & Christidis 2014, ¹¹⁸Heather & Robertson 2015, ¹¹⁹Miskelly et al. 2015, ¹²⁰Deppe et al. 2017, ¹²¹Rawlence, Kardamaki et al. 2017, ¹²²Rawlence, Till et al. 2017, ¹²³H. Robertson et al. 2017, ¹²⁴E. Bell et al. 2018, ¹²⁵Clements et al. 2019, ¹²⁶Te Papa 2019, ¹²⁷Wehi et al. 2019, ¹²⁸S. Howell & Zufelt 2019, ¹²⁹E. Bell et al. 2020, ¹³⁰Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International 2020, ¹³¹Galla et al. 2020, ¹³²Evans 2021, ¹³³Fischer et al. 2021, ¹³⁴Forsdick et al. 2021, ¹³⁵Friesen et al. 2021, ¹³⁶F. Gill et al. 2021, ¹³⁷He Pātaka Kupu 2021, ¹³⁸Māori Dictionary 2003–21, ¹³⁹Miskelly 2013–21, ¹⁴⁰Predator Free NZ 2022, ¹⁴¹Checklist Committee 2022, ¹⁴² Cubrinovska et al. 2022, ¹⁴³ Rowe et al. 2022, ¹⁴⁴Shepherd et al. 2022, ¹⁴⁵Tennyson et al. 2022, ¹⁴⁶Tsang et al. 2022, ¹⁴⁷Verry et al. 2022, ¹⁴⁸Worthy et al. 2022, ¹⁴⁹ Miskelly et al. 2023, ¹⁵⁰Checklist Committee 2024.

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