Ruru or moreporks (Ninox novaeseelandiae) are an iconic native species that are relatively widespread in New Zealand, yet little is known about populations that reside within urban areas. Here we present results from a ruru survey conducted by volunteers within the city of Hamilton, New Zealand to: 1) collect baseline data for future comparative ruru surveys, and 2) to introduce and promote ornithology to a wider audience. In addition, these data may be used to quantify the success of urban restoration projects and pest control operations, as many of the desired outcomes of those projects (e.g., increased native vegetation and reduced mammalian predators) would have a positive impact on ruru numbers. Twenty sites were surveyed in areas such as amenity parks and gullys with established vegetation. Teams of observers recorded the time and approximate bearing of all ruru vocalisations at sites for 1 h each night for 5 consecutive nights between 2000-2230 hours in late October 2011. Ruru were detected at 80% (16/20) of sites at least once over the survey period; at 13 of these sites ruru were detected on >2 nights, while birds were detected every night at 5 sites. Multiple birds were detected at 11 sites, which suggested that some may have been resident pairs and breeding. We recommend that including members of the public in similar surveys is highly desirable as it raises awareness around conservation issues and introduces ornithology to a wider audience.
We report on the discovery, care, release, and post-release monitoring of the 2nd vagrant emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) recorded from New Zealand. An immature male emperor penguin came ashore at Peka Peka Beach (40° 50’ S) 56 km north-east of Wellington on 20 Jun 2011. Its condition deteriorated over the following 4 days, and it was taken into care at Wellington Zoo on 24 Jun. Following 72 days of rehabilitation, the bird was released at sea at 51° 42’ S, 78 km north of subantarctic Campbell I, on 4 Sep 2011. He was tracked, via satellite transmitter, moving south-east for 113 km until 9 Sep, after which no further signals were received. The arrival, care and release of this penguin attracted unprecedented levels of public and media interest for a vagrant bird to New Zealand.
To date there has been no published information describing the relative abundance, behaviour or distribution of the New Zealand king shag (Leucocarbo carunculatus) within mussel farm areas, despite the sensitivity of the species to human disturbance and the potential overlap of its range with proposed development of marine aquaculture. Four survey methods were employed as part of a multi-species research programme to develop methods for surveying marine mammals and seabird populations in aquaculture management areas. Two of the techniques, involving continuous time- lapse photography of mussel farms and boat-based surveys through coastal farms were developed for this study. Time- lapse cameras showed that mussel farms buoys were used by king shags as temporary resting sites only. King shags were recorded on 36% of the farms (n = 44) from 13 surveys within inner Admiralty Bay. The low number of sightings within mussel farms suggests that farms are not important foraging or resting areas for king shags, at least in Admiralty Bay. The foraging range and density of king shags was not known before farms were developed, so no direct comparison or impact assessment can be made. Boat-based surveys were used to estimate the density of foraging shags, which showed that daily locations of foraging birds at sea can vary considerably on consecutive days and over the season. Previous environmental surveys to assess impacts of mussel farms on foraging areas are therefore unlikely to adequately represent the entire foraging range or most important feeding areas. The number of breeding pairs, chicks and nests was also found to vary considerably at colonies, dependent on when counts were undertaken during their protracted breeding season. Open water mid-bay aquaculture (shellfish and finfish) potentially poses a greater threat to king shags than ‘coastal ribbon development’, in terms of loss of open water habitat from farm structures, and loss of foraging habitat through modification to the water column (e.g., turbidity) and seabed. Given the lack of knowledge about the king shag population dynamics, diet and prey availability, there is an urgent requirement for more research to fill these gaps and also understand how we can conserve important shag feeding areas and associated marine environment through sustainable management of aquaculture.
There have been few studies on the temporal patterns of social behaviours and how they relate to timing of life history stages in nocturnal colonial bird species. This study focuses on the threatened Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica; Procellariidae), to investigate temporal patterns in colonial interactions, including vocalisations and social behaviours, in the context of petrel sociality. We conducted extensive behavioural observations on the colony at different time-scales (throughout single nights, between seasons, and across years) to characterise the temporal dynamics of at-colony behaviours. These analyses show consistent temporal variation in several behavioural attributes (e.g., social interactions, vocalisations, eyes closed, body movements), with little or no temporal variation in others (e.g., self maintenance or stationary behaviours). These data provide the basis for specific predictions to test the role of social interactions between temporally varying vocalisations and social behaviours in nocturnal colonial birds.
We estimated apparent annual survival of adult and young grey-faced petrels (Pterodroma macroptera gouldi) and age of first return to the natal colony of young birds from 2 colonies in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, between 1991 and 2008. We analysed the capture histories of 5844 adult birds and 928 chicks in a mark-recapture framework. The apparent adult annual survival rate was 0.89 after accounting for transience effects, which were greater at the mainland site (Mauao, Mount Maunganui) than on the island colony (Motuotau, Rabbit Island). Annual survival of young birds between fledging and 2 years of age was 0.844 for Mauao and 0.865 for Motuotau. Around 50% of fledglings that returned to their natal colony did so by 4 years of age, and by age 6, the probability of a fledgling returning was approximately 1.0. These are the first reliable estimates of these parameters for grey-faced petrels and are vital for models aimed at predicting the effects of natural perturbations or management interventions on breeding populations.
We report Records Appraisal Committee (RAC) decisions regarding Unusual Bird Reports received between 1 Aug 2008 and 31 Dec 2010. Among the 58 submissions accepted by the RAC are the 1st New Zealand records of streaked shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas) and straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis), 2nd records of great shearwater (Puffinus gravis), semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) and Franklin’s gull (Larus pipixcan), and 3rd records of little stint (Calidris minuta) and black kite (Milvus migrans). Other notable records included the 1st oriental cuckoo (Cuculus optatus) from the Kermadec Islands, a New Zealand dabchick (Poliocephalus rufopectus) near Nelson, and 2 records of Stewart Island shag (Leucocarbo chalconotus) near Lake Ellesmere, Canterbury.
Food preferences of the bellbird (Anthornis melanura), an endemic honeyeater, were determined by comparing the proportional use of plant species for nectar, fruit, and invertebrate feeding with the proportional availability (foliar cover) of plant species in forest remnants on the Port Hills, near the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. Of 529 feeding observations throughout the year, 56% were on invertebrates, 29% on nectar, and 15% on fruit. Invertebrate feeding predominated in all months except August to November, when nectar feeding predominated. Kunzea ericoides, Fuchsia excorticata, and Hoheria angustifolia were used more than expected from their foliar cover for invertebrate feeding, while F. excorticata, Sophora microphylla, Pseudopanax arboreus, and Phormium tenax were used more than expected for nectar feeding, and Coprosma robusta and Myrsine australis more than expected for fruit feeding. Little nectar was available in winter, which may explain why some bellbirds moved from the hills to the city at the end of the breeding season. However, more research is needed on the influence of temperature on these movements and on the resources used by bellbirds in the city.