A colony of breeding Snow Petrels (Pagodroma nivea) in the Muhlig-Hofmann Mountains, Queen Maud Land, on the Antarctic continent was visited in January-February 1985. The birds were nesting under large boulders on the north-faced, ice-free hillside at Svarthamaren (71°53′ S,
5°1O’ E), about 200 km from the open sea. The colony was roughly estimated to contain 500 pairs (Mehlum et al. 1985). Hatching took place in mid-January. The Snow Petrels at Svarthamaren were on average significantly smaller than those breeding elsewhere in the Antarctic. The irregular geographical distribution of breeding birds of varying size does not immediately provide any support for a sub-specific division of the species into one large and one small form, leaving the systematic and evolutionary status of the species unclear. It remains to be established whether inland breeding selects for relatively small birds.
Intraspecific variation in morphometrics, plumage colouration, moult and breeding is described and its taxonomic significance assessed. There is a latitudinal cline in morphometrics and colouration among mainland, nearshore island, and Auckland Is populations. Southern bellbirds are larger and more brightly coloured, but they have shorter bills. Intensity and hue of the iridescent head and olive-green plumage colouration are determined by the degree of melanism, which increases southward and on all isolated islands but the Three Kings. Age and sex differences in plumage colouration are also caused by the different degrees of melanism. The degree of melanism may be reduced by the dryness of the environment, particularly in the period
before moult. Overlain on this cline are insular trends in morphometrics, colouration, moult, and breeding pattern. Bellbirds, particularly males, from isolated islands are larger than those on the mainland, whereas clutches are fewer and smaller, and breeding seasons and adult moult earlier. The sue increase occurs whether
other species of honeyeater are present or not and may result from high densities and the increased tendency of males and females to use different feeding niches. The relative body proportions of island populations vary and wing length does not increase as rapidly as body size. A new subspecies is described from the Poor Knights Is. It is characterised by a distinctly blue rather than violet iridescent head in males, an immature plumage phase, and other differences in sue, relative proportions, breeding, and time of moult. The nomenclature and taxonomic status of other island subspecies and of the extinct Northland bellbird A. dumerilii are reviewed. A. dumerilii and A. incoronata are regarded as synonyms of A.m. melanura.
The pair bonding, recognition, defence, and courtship displays of
the Red-footed Cormorant (Phalacrocorax gaimardi) are described for the first time. Similarity in displays reinforces van Tets’ contention that this species is a member of the Stictocarbo group. Its closest relatives seem to be the spotted shags of New Zealand waters and the European Shag. The Atlantic population of the Red-footed Cormorant is small and isolated, and it may differ from the much larger population along the Pacific coast by various behavioural and ecological features.
Between January 1965 and March 1967 4,926 observations were made on 20 species of petrel feeding in the Southern Ocean from the research ship USNS Eltanin. Most observations were made at night while the ship was stopped on oceanographic research stations. Observations were made possible by bright decklights, following birds with the powerful bridge lights, or under moonlight. Eleven feeding methods were distinguished. Most common were surface seizing [49.1%: used by 14 species), dipping (25.2%: 9 species), and surface plunging (c. 0.6%: 6 species). Seven species foraged entirely at night, and five fed by day only. Food recorded was chiefly crustaceans and squid. The submergence time and prey-handling time for some species are also given.
Over 27 months, 335 Brown Teal (Anas aucklandica chlorotis) were trapped and banded on Great Barrier Island. Four trapping methods were used to trap both solitary and flocking birds in all seasons. The efficiency of the trapping methods is compared, and the study areas and banding scheme are described. The computer program used to generate the colour band combinations is included as an appendix.
Yellowheads (Mohoua ochrocephala) have disappeared from many parts of the South Island. The northernmost self-sustaining populations now occur in Arthur’s Pass National Park, where we surveyed Yellowheads in the Hawdon River Valley during their breeding in 1983 and 1984. Survey techniques were developed for assessing Yellowhead numbers at low densities. In 1983, 11 breeding pairs were found in 500 ha of forest, and in 1984, 21 breeding pairs were found in 2900 ha. About 70% of the birds occurred as breeding pairs, and the rest were itinerant non-breeders and helpers at nests. Yellowheads were spread throughout the valley but were more common at low altitudes. Breeding pairs preferred red beech (Nothofagus fusca) forests. There is some evidence that the nationwide decline of the species is continuing in the Hawdon River Valley.
Yellowheads (Mohoua ochrocephala) were observed between November 1983 and May 1984 in the Hawdon River Valley, Arthur’s Pass National Park. Of 11 breeding pairs, at least three had a third adult associated with them. Three pairs were watched in detail, and two nests were found, both in holes in live beech trees. The maximum breeding range was 7 ha. Young fledged in late December, and so laying had occurred in early November and hatching in late November-early December. There was no indication of double broods
or renesting. Family groups of adults and juveniles remained in their breeding ranges for up to 2.5 days after fledging and then ranged throughout the forest. Parental care continued for about 55 days. From mid- January family groups began to come together for several hours and flocks of up to 25 Yellowheads were seen. In April and May flocks of 6-12 Yellowheads were seen, the birds apparently remaining together all day. Yellowheads were often in mixed species flocks.
Spotless Crakes (Porzana tabuensis) and Marsh Crakes (Porzana pusilla) were studied by R. Lavers, April 1971-July 1972, and by G. Kaufmann, September-December 1982, at Pukepuke Lagoon, Manawatu. Eleven Spotless Crake nests were found. Eggs were laid between 30 August and 19 December. Earlier nests usually contained 3 eggs; later nests contained 4-5 eggs, and the eggs were larger. Copulation and major calls are described. One male incubated 40°/o, the female 60%, of the 35 hours observed. Eggs of 4 nests were eaten by predators. Two Marsh Crake nests were found, containing 4 and 6 eggs. Both nests were unsuccessful. Analysis of museum skins highlighted similarities in bill size and structure, suggesting that interspecific competition occurs.
An accidental bird poisoning in May 1971 in the Obornjaca region, Yugoslavia, exterminated a Starling colony. The food in 186 chick and 56 adult stomachs was analysed: more than 95% of the insects eaten were Orthoptera and Coleoptera, including many species harmful to agriculture. Differences in diet between the chicks and their parents may be explained
by time of day or by the location in which adult birds foraged.
The breeding of the Black Petrel (Procellaria parkinsoni) on Little Barrier Island was studied during 1971-75 in 22 study burrows and then reviewed at about 2-yearly intervals. Predation by feral cats affected the population most, causing the number of breeding and non-breeding birds associated with study burrows to decline from 39 in 1971-72 to 14 in 1976-77. Cats were eliminated between 1977
and 1980. By 1982-83 further attrition due to poor recruitment had stopped. The breeding season of the Black Petrel is from October to July. Eggs are laid from about 10 November to about 20 January but mainly in early December. Pre-laying activities are brief, but other phases of the breeding cycle are not. Incubation shifts and the nestling period may be long because of limitations of the food supply. The major breeding place is Great Barrier Island. Surveys there during chick-rearing in 1977 and 1978 revealed very little predation and relatively high breeding success. The cause of this is discussed.